The societal burden of pain in Germany: Health-related quality-of-life, health status and direct medical costs

Abstract

Objectives:The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the severity and frequency of pain on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), self-reported health status, and direct medical costs in Germany.Methods:Data are from the internet-based 2010 National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS). Estimates of the impact of pain experience are generated by a series of regression models. In the case of HRQoL the physical and mental summary scores from the SF-12, together with SF-6D utilities, are evaluated within an ordinary least squares framework. Health status is assessed through an ordered logit model. Direct medical costs are estimated through a semi-logarithmic healthcare cost function. Socioeconomic characteristics, health risk behaviors, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) are introduced as control variables in all regressions.Results:An estimated 23.96% of the adult German population (16.39 million) reported experiencing pain in the last 30 days. Of these 13.16% reported severe pain. The experience of frequent severe and moderate pain has a significant deficit impact on HRQoL. For those experiencing severe daily pain, the deficit in the SF-12 physical component score (PCS) is −17.930 (95% CI: −18.720 to −17.140), the SF-12 mental component score (MCS) is −8.787 (05% CI: −9.857 to −7.716), and SF-6D absolute utilities −0.201 (95% CI: −0.214 to −0.188); with self-reported health status the deficit impact of severe daily pain is also substantial (OR = 29.000; 95% CI: 23.000–36.580). In the case of direct medical costs severe daily pain increases healthcare provider costs by 101.6% and total direct costs by 123.9%.Limitations:The NHWS is an internet survey. The principal limitation is that as a self-report there is no separate validation of pain severity or chronicity.Conclusions:The experience of pain has a substantial negative impact on HRQoL, health status, and resource utilization in Germany. If pain is considered as a disease in its own right, the experience of chronic pain presents policy-makers with a major challenge.