The Site of the City of Kalar in Kalar Dasht

Abstract

rubber and oil-palm estates, small Chinese estates and gardens, and patches of jungle and secondary jungle. The remainder of the Section was employed on the west coast. This coast of Johore is low-lying and mainly swampy, the 50-foot contour generally being about I2 miles from the coast. Along the coast there is a fringe of mangrove swamp about half a mile wide and inside this a belt of cultivation, mainly native coconut palm plantations, from 3 to io miles wide. From the edge of cultivation to the main road there is jungle swamp and frequently flooded land. The cultivated part of this area is intersected with hundreds of small parits (canals for draining) and some large parits and a few rivers, navigable for sampans. It has a large Malay population, as well as several small Chinese towns and villages. Topographical work in both these districts, although frequently impeded by floods, was simple and progressed rapidly. Owing to the absence of hills, except near Batu Pahat, we had a certain amount of difficulty in fixing trigonometrical points. Time did not allow any theodolite traverses, and the few points required were mainly resections and intersections from the western points of our central Johore triangulation scheme. In this area we were able to make considerable use of aeroplane photographs of the coast and rivers, and also of the Revenue Survey work of the Johore Survey Department.