The significance of tlr genes, in particular TLR-2 and TLR-4, and their polymorphisms in susceptibility and resistance to the development and clinical course of tuberculosis

Abstract

Annotation. The tuberculosis pandemic is a global problem of modern medicine, and thousands of scientists from all over the world are working towards finding a solution. Taking into account the fact that there are national and international programs to fight tuberculosis, nosology remains the second infectious cause of death in the world after COVID-19. Indeed, official WHO statistics indicate that 1.6 million people died from this serious infectious disease in 2021 alone. Resistance, susceptibility, and the course of the pathology largely depend not only on environmental factors and morphofunctional features of the pathogen but also on the patient's genotype, which prompted us to analyze the influence of TLR genes and their polymorphisms on the aforementioned characteristics. In accordance with the set goal, we processed the currently known information about TLR family genes, as well as their polymorphisms, using the main databases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the recognition of molecular patterns associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which subsequently initiates the host's immune response. Thus, any failure in the cascade of the above-mentioned pathway will manifest itself in changes in the course of tuberculosis, as well as in resistance and susceptibility to it. Many data indicate a predisposition to nosology in the presence of TLR gene polymorphisms, and a significant number of researchers mention the severe course of the disease in patients with mutant genotypes. The understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of receptors and signaling pathways as a result of the influence of genetic mutations will enable us to fight the disease more thoroughly. The results of our review are aimed at improving the tactics of managing patients with tuberculosis, timely detection of nosology, and the development of modern methods of prevention.