Abstract
New investigation results point to the potential participation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection, its progression, and mechanisms of the therapy effectiveness. This dictates the necessity to transfer scientific testing technologies to medical practice. Here, we demonstrated the method of phenotyping and quantitative analysis of plasma EVs based on differential centrifugation, immunostaining, and high-sensitivity multicolor flow cytometry. We used EV markers that were potentially associated with SARS-CoV-2 dissemination via vesicles and cell-origination markers, characterizing objects from different cell types that could influence clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Plasma levels of CD235a+ and CD14+ EVs in patients with moderate infection were significantly increased while CD8+ and CD19+ EVs were decreased comparing with HD. Patients with severe infection had lower levels of CD4+, CD19+, and CD146+ EVs than HD. These findings demonstrate that EV concentrations in COVID-19 are severity related. Moreover, the three-point dynamic assessment demonstrated significant loss of CD63+ and CD147+ plasma EVs. The used method can be a convenient tool for vital infection pathogenesis investigation and for COVID-19 diagnostics.
Highlights
IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020
CD8+ and CD19+ extracellular vesicles (EVs) decreased compared with healthy donors (HD) (Figure 1)
It was noteworthy that the higher severity of the infection led to significant decreases of CD235a+, CD45+, CD19+, and CD14+ EVs levels
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, organs failure, septic shock, and blood clots [1,2]. Virus-infected cells release EVs that are implicated in infection through transferring viral components [1]. EVs may contribute to spreading the virus by using the same cell receptors for transfer [1]. EVs secreted by different cell subsets could participate in pathogenesis by influencing coagulation, inflammation, microcirculation, etc
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