Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles with an average diameter of 100 nm, contain and transfer a variety of functional macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. A large number of studies indicated that exosomes can play a significant role in the initiation and development of GC via facilitating intercellular communication between gastric cancer cells and microenvironment. Exosomal RNAs, one of the key functional cargos, are involved in the pathogenesis, development, and metastasis of GC. In addition, recent studies elucidated that exosomal RNAs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for GC. In this review, we summarized the function of exosomal RNA in the tumorigenesis, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of GC, which may further unveil the functions of exosome and promote the potentially diagnostic and therapeutic application of exosomes in GC.
Highlights
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common malignance and the third leading cause of cancer death among males worldwide [1]
The overall five-year survival rate of advanced GC after surgery is less than 30% and the five-year survival rate of early GC after Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is over 90% [4,5,6,7], revealing the specific formation mechanisms and improving the early diagnostic rate of GC is of vital importance
We summarize the functions of exosomal RNA in the tumorigenesis, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of GC, which may further unveil the secrets of exosome and promote the potentially diagnostic and therapeutic application of exosome in GC
Summary
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common malignance and the third leading cause of cancer death among males worldwide [1]. After internalization of the exosomes, these extracellular vesicles can be degraded by lysosomes or be gathered and coexist with the endogenous ILVs in the MVBs. The exosomal RNAs can be transferred into the endoplasmic reticulum or the cytoplasm and result in the phenotypic and molecular alterations of recipient cell. RNAs,and mRNAs delivered by formed by theofinvagination of late membranes sequential engulfment o exosomes can be translated into functional proteins, whereas ncRNAs can engage complex molecular materials in cytoplasm to form multivesicular bodies (MVBs), followed by fus networks of ncRNA interactions and serve as important regulators of gene expression. The utilization of these RNAs will activate the subsequent signal pathways and modulate invagination of the endosomal membrane forms MVBs, and this step enables the cytoplas physiological and pathological processes, such as those seen in immune responses, cardiomic constituents to enter and enriches the the cargo. Exosomes from the parent thecan parent canenter dock and enter cell via several mechanisms, cell dock cell at and theatrecipient cellthe via recipient several mechanisms, including fusion withincluding the plasmafusion membrane, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, caveolae-dependent endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis
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