The Significance of Aristotle's Four Causes in Design Research

The present paper has a negative aim and a positive aim, both limited in the present context to a sketch or outline. The negative aim, today less controversial, is to show that Aristotle’s theory of final causality has little or nothing to do with the teleology rejected by modern science and that, therefore, far from having been rendered obsolete, it has yet to be fully understood. This aim will be met through the identification and brief discussion of some key points on which Aristotle’s theory differs from teleology as still commonly understood. The positive aim is more controversial as it proposes that we take an ontology of life as the proper context for understanding the significance and nature of final causation in Aristotle. The argument for final causation, in other words, is that, without it, we would lose the phenomenon of life and, indeed, of nature altogether, reducing nature to the inanimate and mechanical.

Toward a complexity science of entrepreneurship

The article discusses the discourse on the methodological foundations of political science research and the need to outline the existing paradigms of political science research, both in the temporal-retrospective dimension and in the dimension of the subject area. It is emphasized that the determinants of defining the value of paradigm in modern political science research is the prospect of acquiring scientific novelty at the stage of determining the research topic. The focus is on the need for a more thorough consideration of specific paradigmatic means of determining the methodological design of contemporary political science research. It is noted that on the basis of linguistic analysis of subject aspects of political science, one can easily see the multivariate interpretation of many essential concepts of the modern political sphere. It is argued that one can also see expansive interpretations of particular concepts and processes from a non-professional perspective. The importance of interdisciplinary natural science paradigms has been established. Attention is paid to identifying the possibility of forming a new conceptual apparatus, taking into account the concepts that have become widespread in the scientific environment. The role of the concept of "paradigm approach in modern political science" is revealed, which is aimed at understanding the peculiarities of considering political science subject within other scientific disciplines. It is proved that the leading task of paradigm as a discipline of political science is the formation of paradigmatic choice of young researcher. The peculiarities of searching for a scientist’s own «paradigm face» have been found. The ability to use the task of defining scientific novelty is emphasized to some extent. The specificity of choosing a paradigm vector of a researcher-political scientist with consideration of the requirements of interdisciplinarity is considered. The purpose of the article is to identify paradigm in political studies as a factor in the formation of authorial conceptualism against the backdrop of interdisciplinary imperatives. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main directions of paradigm and their correlation with modern political theories. It is proved that the choice of the paradigm vector of the researcher-political scientist is confronted with interdisciplinary, first of all philosophical meanings of cognition as a form of social activity. The idea that choosing one’s own paraligmal vector for a specialist political scientist is presented is important because of the need to overcome the Soviet and post-Soviet paradigmatic provinces. It turned out that the formation of the national paradigm of political science, which should be carried out only on condition that the fullest representation of all paradigm directions. The situation of paradigm choices and orientation of political scientist researcher in the world paradigm mainstream is revealed. The necessity of finding a researcher in the environment of those paradigms that give the most significant scientific result is proved. The article establishes that the combination of the universality of interdisciplinary paradigms and the optionality of paradigms for a particular political science study is carried out on the basis of a conceptual and categorical apparatus of political epistemology. It is argued that on the basis of the notion of "scientific truth (episteme)", the formation of the author’s own attitude to the subject of research and the prospect of solving his problem is carried out.

The Beagle record: By R. D. Keynes. Pp. 409. Cambridge University Press, London. 1979. £30.00

Naturalizing phenomenology – A philosophical imperative

Purpose: Indigenous knowledge Systems is a discipline that has received acknowledgement even from United Nations forums. However, the discussion of Indigenous Knowledge Systems practiced in the Dande valley of Zimbabwe is still hazy and unclear and the concerned citizens like academics ,call for an institutional and policy change has been ignored. Though there has been a ministry of Science and technology in Zimbabwe, its focus was mainly on modern science, even though indigenous knowledge was mentioned ,evidence on the ground shows that indigenous knowledge was given very little consideration. It is also the thrust of this paper to point into perspective the adaptive measures taken by the Dande community against climate change using Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Issues discussed focused on the role of IKS on plant phenology, health and risk reduction, food and security, art natural resource management as they are understood in the Climate change discourse. Research Design: The study was conducted in the Dande Valley of Zimbabwe which consists of 3 districts of Mashonaland Central Province namely; Mbire, Mount Darwin and Muzarabani. Data for this study were solicited through structured interviews, interviews with indigenous experts, traditional leaders, members of the Dande community; focus group discussion was also used to manipulate the community perception, current practices on adaption to climate change. Information on IKS and climate change was gathered through the participatory approach. The strength in this approach lies in the fact that it involves documenting of real events, recording what people say and observing behaviour.` Findings: Results from the study revealed that many scholars and some academics have a negative attitude towards IKS; however information gathered proved that IKS plays an important role in the Dande community. IKS adaptive strategies against climate change are based on environmental issues like, plant phenology, health and health, and natural resources management. The study established that there is every reason for policy change and implementation in Zimbabwe . To ensure sustainability of the IKS ,the study suggests that institutes of higher learning like Bindura University of Science Education and the Zimbabwe Open University to devise supportive systems that enable collection, analysis, storage information and dissemination of IKS information through a Meta Data base focusing on Dande Valley and other parts of the country rich in indigenous knowledge. Originality/Value: This study will add to the knowledge base of IKS and climate change in fragile environments and of particular note the Dande Valley in Zimbabwe. The study will also enlighten and provide information to policy makers, researchers, academics and general citizens to make informed decisions. It will also help all interested stakeholders to think seriously on IKS and climate change discourse.

The work is an attempt to generalize the scientific interpretation of fundamental concepts in the framework of a qualitative paradigm, such as interaction, interview and interpretation. These terms are usually used in a broader sociological theoretical and methodological literature, and have their own history within the social sciences. Though, in modern science, these categories are already embedded in the terminology and semantics of the interpretive paradigm, and they have acquired additional meanings and context of use in the thesaurus of the qualitative sociologist. Therefore, the goal is to describe them in more details, in the genre of dictionary entries, as terms embedded and interpreted in the field of qualitative sociology; as concepts used during the construction of the methodological design of qualitative research, and in the practice of fieldwork or analysis of primary data. Moreover, these three terms define the general concept and configuration of our journal “Interaction. Interview. Interpretation”.

Until the early 1970's, approximately 90% of all pharmaceutical research was conducted on prisoners, who were also subjected to biochemical research, including studies involving dioxin and chemical warfare agents. By the mid-1970's, biomedical research in prisons sharply declined as knowledge of the exploitation of prisoners began to emerge and the National Commission for the protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical Research was formed. Federal regulations to protect human subjects of research were established in 1974. Special protections for prisoners were added in 1978, severely limiting research involving prisoners. However, the US correctional system has undergone major changes since the adoption of the federal regulations, making it appropriate to reexamine the ethical framework for research involving prisoners. While the history of prisoner exploitation cautions against allowing research, modern science might be able to improve understanding of the intractable problems faced by prisoners. Finding a balance between encouraging beneficial research and safeguarding prisoners is challenging and politically controversial. This commentary presents a series of proposals, based on the recommendations of Institute of Medicine Committee on Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners. If adopted, the following proposals would provide such a system of safeguards while allowing responsible research. 1) Expand the Definition of Prisoner to include non-custodial prisoners, comprehensively covering all individuals whose autonomy and liberty are restricted by the justice system. 2) Ensure Universal, Consistent Ethical Protection of prisoners by regulating all research on prisoners uniformly, irrespective of the source of funding, supporting agency, or type of correctional facility. 3) Create a National Database of Prisoner Research to permit greater accountability, provide a scientific methodology for assessing the success of research projects, and facilitate the implementation of beneficial research findings to prisoner populations. 4) Shift from a Category-Based to a Risk-Benefit Approach to Research Review to ensure that research with prisoners should be conducted only if it offers a distinctly favorable benefit-to-risk ratio, not because prisoners are a convenient source of research participants or have no access to therapeutic treatment. 5) Update the Ethical Framework to Include Collaborative Responsibility meaning that, to the extent possible, stakeholders (e.g., prisoners, correctional officers, medical staff) should participate in the design, planning, and implementation of research. 6) Enhance Systematic Oversight of Research by strengthening safeguards, making them consistent, and applying them in relation to the levels of risk and restriction of liberty experienced by prisoner-subjects.

The world faces unprecedented land-use pressures, and one of our societal roles as geoscientists is to document, measure, and analyse landscape degradation, producing understanding that can mitigate or help prevent ongoing damage. We do this in a framework of prior studies that shape the way we understand the system and how it operates, which thereby also shapes how we construct research questions and design data collection. This is, of course, how science operates. However, sometimes we need to step back and examine the foundations of our guiding framework.Doing this exercise for geomorphologic interpretations of landscape change in the Global South reveals a buried legacy of colonial-era assumptions and assertions about harmful impacts of indigenous/traditional land-use practices: a “narrative of blame” that targets Global South populations. Global North colonists, seeing unfamiliar countryside managed with unfamiliar techniques, wrote interpretive descriptions of what they perceived as degraded landscapes—but which were based primarily on their experiences elsewhere and/or which drew on gut feelings coming from a lack of local knowledge and inherent disdain for the native population and their methods. These ideas were published, repeated, restated and rephrased, achieving over time the status of received wisdom. They are still recycled today, as part of literature review and project justification. They provide rationalisation for assumptions that we build into project design, and they give license for interpretations on the basis that overarching controls have already been established; e.g. “It is well known that …… and therefore …. “. But tracing individual precepts back through the literature often reveals that in fact the variables in question have never been subject to rigorous testing or verifiable measurement.Examples of the impacts of these colonial narratives on modern science are widespread, and include over-interpretation of small amounts of data (e.g. short-term and/or small-scale measurements in areas of high erosion being extrapolated to represent regional or national erosion rates) as well as conclusions being formulated without perceived need to perform measurements or comparative analysis (e.g. inferring that because deforestation elsewhere has been linked elsewhere with erosion, tree removal in a study site must also have caused rapid and intense soil loss).This is not to say that humans do not cause erosion or landscape degradation. Damage that we do throughout the world is indisputably documented. But there is a clear imbalance in the way we measure and analyse geomorphic change, and—particularly in the Global South—there is a history of embedded assumptions, fed by strong implicit bias that indigenous and traditional land-use practices are inherently damaging. This means that many projects are (unintentionally) preconditioned to return results that will be in line with expectations set by the governing assumptions. Which of course strengthens those assumptions. To properly quantify and understand anthropogenic impacts on the landscape we must test all our embedded expectations. The colonial-era narrative of blame is pervasive and deeply entangled in our science. It is our job to learn to identify it and uproot it. And to avoid setting expectations in project design and analysis.

Multilingual learners are often marginalized in science learning environments due to deficit-oriented assumptions about their language and sense-making abilities.This paper explores how an immersive multilingual experience in undergraduate science methods courses supported anti-deficit noticing for teacher candidates.Teacher candidates participated in immersive French and Korean science lessons where multilingualism and multiculturalism were centered as resources for learning.Analyzing post-course interviews with participants who referenced the experiences showed how the immersive experiences supported teacher candidates to recognize multilingual learners' assets that support scientific sense-making.What participants recognized differed based on the language of instruction, facilitation style, and content of the activity, suggesting implications for equity-oriented research and course design. Motivation and theoretical framingMultilingual students are often excluded from complex science learning in schools (Lee & Stephens, 2020), usually as a result of English-only instruction that privileges academic vocabulary (Buxton & Caswell, 2020).However, recent research has shown that multilingual students bring expertise that benefits all learners and supports rich scientific sensemaking (Pierson et al., 2021, Rosebery et al., 2010).When multilingual students are marginalized, the whole learning community misses out on heterogeneity, or diversity of perspective, as a key resource for learning (Warren et al., 2020).Teachers play a role in reproducing or resisting the exclusion of multilingual learners.Supporting teachers toward greater inclusion of multilingual learners requires them to view diverse cultural and linguistic resources through anti-deficit lenses that reframe multilingual students in science (Louie et al., 2021).By developing anti-deficit perspectives of students, teachers can play a role in ensuring multilingual leaners' ways of knowing and perspectives are integral to classroom learning.Anti-deficit noticing has been shown to be an effective pedagogical strategy to cultivate with teacher candidates in education methods courses (Jilk, 2016;Louie et al., 2021).One way to develop anti-deficit frames is to engage teacher candidates in immersive experiences, where they learn about scientific phenomenon from the perspective of learners (Loucks-Horsley et al., 2009).By taking the perspective of multilingual learners, teachers may see differently the assets they bring to science sensemaking.This paper asks: How do designs for immersive multilingual experiences support teacher candidates' anti-deficit noticing of multilingual students' expertise?Equity-oriented scholars have pointed to deficit narratives around marginalized learners, especially multilingual students in science (Daniel et al., 2023), due in large part to canonical framings of the discipline.Western Modern Science (WMS) promotes science as empirical, objective, and purely rational-narrowing what "counts" as legitimate scientific sense-making (Bang et al., 2012).WMS frames science as White property, belonging exclusively to adult White men (Mensah & Jackson, 2018).Individuals with (multiply) minoritized identities, including women, children, and racially and linguistically diverse learners have less rights to enjoy science, resulting in deficit narratives about their scientific capabilities.This limited access to science is further aggravated in school contexts because a hyper-focus on academic vocabulary as prerequisite to engaging in science sens-emaking often precludes meaningful participation for multilingual learners.In response to this reality, Lee and colleagues (2019) suggested that language learning is inherently social and is a product of using language in context.Thus, allowing multilingual learners to use their full cultural and linguistic resources results in expansive science sensemaking (e.g., Pierson et al., 2021).However, due to assumptions about what modes of sense-making are considered "appropriate" for academic settings (Flores & Rosa, 2015), classroom science often promotes consensus to settled science rather than fostering epistemic heterogeneity (Warren et al., 2020).For example, Jonathan, an African-American student, was framed by his teacher as a troublemaker for troubling

Introduction. This study identifies a system of factors for the development of the integration potential of the ideal image of the future Russian society, which addresses a significant gap in modern political science. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the use of a multidimensional analytical model developed by the authors to identify structural dissonances between the ideal, real, and declared images of the future at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. Methods and materials. The research is based on a comparative analysis of in-depth interviews with representatives of the expert community (including heads of departments of regional government bodies, business structures, and mass media) and ordinary citizens of the Central Federal District and the Southern Federal District. The choice of the two districts is justified by the specifics of their socio-cultural profiles, historical development trajectories, and geopolitical status, which allows for a more detailed analysis of regional differences in perceptions of the future. Analysis. It is noted that the vector of perception of the country’s future is positive; however, there is fragmentation and stereotyping associated with the dominance of retro-orientations in the mechanism of forming ideas about the future, which entails a narrowing of the planning horizon. It is proven that key factors limiting the functionality of the vision of the country’s development prospects, and consequently differentiating society; include lack of social experience, status characteristics, and place of residence (socio-cultural characteristics of the region). The study reveals significant differences between elite and mass groups, as well as between generations. Results. Experts demonstrate a more complex, cognitively rich perception, while mass consciousness tends towards short-term planning and personalization of power. In high-risk conditions, the authors conclude that there is a need to form unambiguous interpretations of key evaluative categories in the information agenda at the federal and regional levels. This will help minimize the fragmentation of public space and enhance the integration potential of Russia’s image of the future. Authors’ contribution. I.A. Batanina – conceptualization, research design, supervision, and final approval of the manuscript. A.A. Lavrikova – methodology, development of research instruments, data curation, formal analysis, and writing – original draft. O.E. Shumilova – investigation, data collection, formal analysis of literature, writing – review and editing.

In the digital network era, people have higher requirements for physical fitness. In the future, physical fitness requires not only good fitness equipment and fitness environment but also more convenient and intelligent health management, service guidance, social entertainment, and other refined fitness services. The innovation of sports and fitness equipment for the digital network era will definitely depend on the development of information technology and network technology. Based on the cutting‐edge Internet of Things technology, this thesis focuses on the development and application of a new generation of digital fitness equipment adapted to future development, advocating the new concept of seamless integration of fitness exercise and information services through human‐oriented systematic design thinking and providing implementable solutions to realize the science, convenience, and life of public fitness. This thesis uses modern science and technology, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, to fully meet the diversified fitness needs of the fitness crowd as the guide; IoT digital fitness equipment design and application research was newly generated, using a variety of research methods to explore the functional design and application of IoT fitness equipment; the goal is to create a more intelligent and three‐dimensional IoT fitness service model in the future. Through the application research of intelligent devices in IoT fitness equipment, the realization of the functions of identity identification, environment perception, and data transmission of IoT fitness equipment is made faster. Intelligent devices can become the interaction channel between fitness service personnel, fitness equipment, and fitness users and also reduce the development cost of IoT fitness equipment. The construction of an IoT fitness cloud service platform and data management system integrates the application of IoT, cloud computing, mobile communication, and other technologies to make IoT fitness service supply remote, real‐time, and diversified. While providing convenient and value‐added fitness services for fitness people, it also brings sustainable development space for the health service industry.

A good way of characterizing what is usually called the 17th-century “revolution of modern science” is to focus on Galileo Galilei’s theory of explanation. As is well known, he set aside three of the four Aristotelian causes (material, formal and final causes) in order to couch all sound scientific explanations in terms of efficient causes. In the second half of the 19th century a new scientific revolution occurred with Darwin’s theory of evolution. As has been stated repeatedly, Darwinism also has something to do with the abandoning of teleology in science, as speciation is explained without any appeal to final causes. But in the last quarter of the 19th century a third scientific revolution occurred, this time in the social sciences. Many philosophers of science fail to notice or understand this intellectual event. This third scientific revolution is usually called the “marginalist revolution.” The transformation of political economy into pure economics, and progressively, into mathematical economics had at least two distinctive features. First, this revolution broke out simultaneously but independently in three different European countries: with Carl Menger (1840–1921) in Austria, with William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882) in England, and with Leon Walras (1834–1910), who, in 1870, was the first to hold the Chair of Political Economy at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.1

Ancient Science of Life is a journal that is dedicated to The Ayurvedic community is not so well acquainted with the modern system of research publications. Therefore, the interfacing Ayurveda and modern science. This journal has come into existence to fulfill the need of conducting and editorial leadership is being taken up by scientists from publishing research on Ayurveda that is based on the tenets modern disciplines who have an open mind to explore the of Ayurveda and the methodologies of science at the same strengths of traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda. time. The strength of Ayurveda is the remarkable continuity While the Ayurvedic physician has the know how when it of its traditions of clinical practice. Ayurveda has survived comes to identifying an effective, herb, formulation or an intervention for a particular ailment, he or she may not be an into modern times through practitioners who treat patients adept in visualizing a research design that is most suitable to successfully for a wide variety of ailments. However, lack of scientifically evaluate it. Not to speak of analyzing and

Wearable inertial sensors are providing enhanced insight into patient mobility and health. Significant research efforts have focused on wearable algorithm design and deployment in both research and clinical settings; however, open-source, general-purpose software tools for processing various activities of daily living are relatively scarce. Furthermore, few studies include code for replication or off-the-shelf software packages. In this work, we introduce SciKit Digital Health (SKDH), a Python software package (Python Software Foundation) containing various algorithms for deriving clinical features of gait, sit to stand, physical activity, and sleep, wrapped in an easily extensible framework. SKDH combines data ingestion, preprocessing, and data analysis methods geared toward modern data science workflows and streamlines the generation of digital endpoints in “good practice” environments by combining all the necessary data processing steps in a single pipeline. Our package simplifies the construction of new data processing pipelines and promotes reproducibility by following a convention over configuration approach, standardizing most settings on physiologically reasonable defaults in healthy adult populations or those with mild impairment. SKDH is open source, as well as free to use and extend under a permissive Massachusetts Institute of Technology license, and is available from GitHub (PfizerRD/scikit-digital-health), the Python Package Index, and the conda-forge channel of Anaconda.