Abstract
University buildings, such as student residence halls with year-round consistent energy demands, offer strong opportunities for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. The economic and environmental feasibility of a CHP project is strongly linked with its optimum sizing. This study aims to undertake such an assessment for a CHP system for a student residence hall located in London, the United Kingdom (UK). The study also aims to undertake a sensitivity analysis to investigate the effect of different parameters on the project’s economics. Necessary data are collected via interviews with the University’s Energy Manager. Modeling of the CHP system is performed using the London South Bank University (LSBU, London, the UK) CHP model. Results demonstrate that optimum sizing of CHP is crucial for achieving higher economic and environmental benefits and strongly depends on the authenticity of the energy consumption data, based on which the CHP is being sized. Use of incorrect energy data could result in an undersized or oversized CHP system, where an oversized system will result in higher negative results compared to an undersized system. Finally, Monto Carlo statistical analysis shows that electricity price is the significant factor that could affect the project’s economics. With an increasing spark gap, the payback period decreases, and vice versa.
Highlights
The higher education (HE) sector of the United Kingdom (UK) is comprised of 161 universities
The universities in the UK have been implementing a range of carbon reduction projects, which mainly include energy efficiency measures and installation of renewable and clean technologies, such as solar, wind, biomass and Sustainability 2018, 10, 2069; doi:10.3390/su10062069
It is apparent that due to the increased number of installation, energy generation from Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plaItnitisssahapappspabareereennnt tihntahctraedtaudseiuntego.ttIohnet2hi0ne0c8rine, acosrneldaysne2ud8munnbuiemvreborfseiritnioessftahilnlaasdttiaoClnlHa,tPeionanenr,gdeynthgeeergntyeortaaglteineonenerfarrgtoiyomngCefnHreoPrmaptiCloanHntPs hpalasfnrbotesmehnoainsnscbirteeeeaCnsiHningPc.rpIenlaasn2i0tns0g8w., aIonsn6l2y805208G,uWonnhivl.yeTr2hs8iitsiueCsnHihvPaedrinsCistHtiaelPslaahtinaodntCnhuHemtPobtaeanrl deinntcehrreegaystoegdteanltoeern6a7etiroignny2fg0ro1em5neworaintthsioitne frotmotaolnesniteergCyHgPenpelraantitosnwoafs961825GGWWhh(.3T3h%isinCcHrePasien).stTahlliasticolenanrluymdbemeroinnsctrreaatessedthtaot 6C7HiPn i2s01b5einwgith total energy generation of 912 GWh (33% increase)
Summary
The higher education (HE) sector of the United Kingdom (UK) is comprised of 161 universities. Buildings in the HE sector consume electricity and gas and are responsible for scope 1 (electricity related emissions) and scope 2 emissions (fuel related emissions). In 2010, the HE funding councils (HEFCs, the UK) introduced a 43% carbon reduction target for the year 2020 compared to 2005/06 and linked the capital funding of universities to this target [1]. The universities in the UK have been implementing a range of carbon reduction projects, which mainly include energy efficiency measures and installation of renewable and clean technologies, such as solar, wind, biomass and Sustainability 2018, 10, 2069; doi:10.3390/su10062069 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability. IItt isisapappapraernetntthatht athtetsheectsoerc’tsocra’srbcoanrbemonisseimonisssaionndsenaenrdgyecnoenrgsuymcpotniosunminpbtoiotnh tiynpebsoothf btuyipldeisngosf TphcbaCetabtbuhhonfnerhauunHfoaenevdneiiiietabtburtbcllvPnshhefunuuddnetiuifhaeaeFFernnfaiiiipgiibbmrrtecallovinnnilusddeisglgielnvhervFIaggcteyifeapiiueuteardateoynnnniesslntisng,rlvbrr.senggiictiieleemetsuoestehneaysssTnhrdsi,nmr.c2.taes2gaihaeehemeteiahntsTvTrhoyrpaissoasico.uase2ngseehhheesnhplwlrtTvcsyialusasimeoeaotnieheosehbeoshnshlrwrwcdliuanpteeafeoetieenhorbpishvressksnrwdsrCenangteerurineeeirtpnvateotess,oHnsCenFmhhurnsbrnedrtbnagadtoiHeeeihePimedhsgpdnsbadtswbeadgeyCePCubedietspcpsaitanedoieannlhlrHCHbolttpcsyiionteeabihrstgnonlhlnhHoliPndyenPitlaaisw1agbionenaesvtntnPtinliwgembigilunsaavnenagtalisbceegleansltlnaneenlgl,oatsutcnhnetaincrahb,odauvntinmaieteioeetorhleunuioesmarseerduofnceFnmeoassrsiarrnilFnlmde’oiaaotretnredostgtaiiailreetoisnoagohgotaofiiuekfsrihcnownfu-fnkpsendcrierirarependgernikreersieeartnrareaerssesinugebransereionnuagn1neocdieaonl1anstrnegdldtdsthirwlgnirtsdaitiwaimooaditeeanodoltttytloclatotsnyelhaehohsoefoohhafbobdnmbotbetdneelsctereiluhdoltuhdtaitceburnmeiunimrniaigiasuiialdaolnfulnfuainsuancdilfdobplnfoonelinlmnemaemooivoiuvbitbtutsrndrrndeehhnrcce,euubeeibbbggderkkleessssnncceiielodedsslleullrtttfnrtdnsandaeaieuoooiicnttnooannisooacisciwhrwhcnrngnnfnoandnfoaeataagtgrastu-iguratua-dlhtlthrbostmhrrbseemnrsnieenuedeefionndnceoaisncaaoiriCscnsvhorwivrensvhcirstidteetinsrdtHeniteeetinnthhrhgreotnorhrrreoietdsotnePeyonosetdsmhltenideciooli.itetidlcrnarooacittiituetgucrUsercaieiuiuattogucoeeaceiusbilsyrcopeancntitvssbntlslgbpeaheistitrtfie-ielosbnhtiest,iubaervrieeouhenshne,ubdgetatsroiehnnms,adldgtuastsointrdh.faliiafteuatechnsanddopiftaifnrrhkhcichnacanioreiegtttirrhdtetavniagicndinarieeyoteintvatevstghsndtuaatinshttteiaheestheihhssicCuabahnttvtfeetahieheilhhifitycCwHianenrvdtoabtaieaenctstewHniePhthnddutitfoibrohntseenoo.temPhiahnohntaieinrloUslrannnod.tteed-kmaetsncthraruasnUslnivea,egyeeyd-oknttslinncrutersaleatnvefegehgermeyiyoitallaeindeeicvdsslbeslepvefnlreraern..eeisety,aseedeeCdessdsbnaeeTrisrraetann.etrssyHtth,asChiCnsgiheneiueoiialiatePadnytrrHelHssttriflineggviheeeiaidPPdnysyesessl. iinn ddiniiffdffeeirfrfeeennrtetnyyteeayarersas..rs
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