Abstract
This chapter examines how the literati deployed racial politics to gain leverage in shaping the Chinese male gender and reinvented new gender identities as part of an anti-Orientalist project. It has highlighted their paradoxical incorporation of physical aggression and martial qualities into the reconfiguration of literary men. In particular, it analyzed the affirmation and negation tactics in their political essays, with which they maneuvered colonialist logic and gender politics deeply embedded in the widely circulated Western racial stereotypes of Chinese men as weak, sick, and perilous. The chapter concludes that Chinese intellectual discourse turned the colonial logic embodied in these racial stereotypes on its head and transformed these seemingly paradoxical choices into strategic reinventions of China and Chinese men.
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