The Sicilian rock partridge: latest data on genetic integrity from four different relict areas

Giusi Macaluso,Guido Ruggero Loria,Claudia Manno,Marco Tolone,Roberto Puleio,Salvatore Mastrangelo,Mario Lo Valvo

doi:10.3906/zoo-2105-3

Abstract

Sicily (Italy) hosts a "relict", endemic population of the birds Alectoris graeca whitakeri commonly known as Sicilian Rock Partridge. In the last decades, due to the risk of restocking with other European and Asiatic species for hunting purpose, a study was carried out to investigate the potential risk of hybridisation. The mtDNA control-region and nuclear microsatellites were genotyped. Due to the importance of the species, samples were mainly characterized by feather and stool samples, and rarely by carcasses found in the environment, from year 2011 to 2012. A panel of 7 microsatellite loci was validated. Three multiplexes that allowed the simultaneous amplification of 3 microsatellites, and 2 for other two microsatellites, for a total of 7 markers, were utilized. Results showed the occurrence of hybridization both towards the Middle Eastern species, A. chukar and the Northern European species, A. rufa. A total of 18.5% of the samples were collected from the wild environment showed a high degree of hybridization. This fact, even if linked to a small number of samples, highlights a potential risk of hybridization in 4 Sicilian provinces and underlines the importance of further investigations to understand the entity of the problem.

Highlights

The genus Alectoris includes seven recognized species distributed in southern Europe, Northern Africa, Asia, and Arabian Penisula (Madge & McGowan, 2002; del Hoyo et al, 2014)
A graeca whitakeri has been included in Annex I of the ‘Birds Directive’ (79/409/EEC) as well as Annex III of the Berne Convention, and, in recent years, all subspecies of A. graeca have been included in Annex I of the ‘Birds Directive’ (2009/147/EEC)
Observed heterozygosity of MCW295 and MCW276 was in contrast with that reported by Tejedor et al (2008) who measured values of 0.60 and 0.30 in 4 captive-reared redlegged partridges

Summary

Introduction

The genus Alectoris includes seven recognized species distributed in southern Europe, Northern Africa, Asia, and Arabian Penisula (Madge & McGowan, 2002; del Hoyo et al, 2014). Three species are native to Italy: A. barbara in Sardinia, A. rufa (red-legged partridge) occurring the northern Apennines and central Italy and A. graeca (the rock partridge) whose distribution includes the Alps, central Italy, and southern Italy. While those from the Alps prefer high altitudes, its distribution areas in southern regions are rocky areas and barren plains. (Italy) hosts a “relict”, endemic subspecies as A. graeca whitakeri (Schiebel, 1934), commonly known as Sicilian Rock Partridge (Randi and Lucchini, 1998; Randi et al, 2003, Randi, 2006). A graeca whitakeri has been included in Annex I of the ‘Birds Directive’ (79/409/EEC) as well as Annex III of the Berne Convention, and, in recent years, all subspecies of A. graeca have been included in Annex I of the ‘Birds Directive’ (2009/147/EEC)

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Conclusion