Abstract
LoRaWAN has become a popular technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) device connectivity. One of the expected properties of LoRaWAN is high network scalability. However, LoRaWAN network performance may be compromised when even a relatively small number of devices use link-layer reliability. After failed frame delivery, such devices typically tend to reduce their physical layer bit rate by increasing their spreading factor (SF). This reaction increases channel utilization, which may further degrade network performance, even into congestion collapse. When this problem arises, all the devices performing reliable frame transmission end up using SF12 (i.e., the highest SF in LoRaWAN). In this paper, we identify and characterize the described network condition, which we call the SF12 Well, in a range of scenarios and by means of extensive simulations. The results show that by using alternative SF-management techniques it is possible to avoid the problem, while achieving a packet delivery ratio increase of up to a factor of 4.7.
Highlights
Note that the instantaneous Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) corresponds to the ratio of packets received by the network server (NS) at the application layer divided by the total number of application-layer packets generated of 19
We evaluated alternative ED-oriented spreading factor (SF) management techniques which show that it is possible to avoid the SF12 W
LoRaWAN network condition, which we call the SF12 Well. This phenomenon may arise achieving a significant PDR improvement compared with default LoRaWAN behavior by up to a factor of 4.7 in the scenario due to the presence of even a relatively low number of Confirmed mode EDs (CEDs), which will tend to increase ered
Summary
The SF12 Well in LoRaWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have gained significant momentum as wireless connectivity solutions for enabling the Internet of Things (IoT). LPWAN technologies are typically based on the star topology paradigm, whereby the IoT devices communicate directly with neighboring radio gateways. This feature, along with the support of long range (in the order of kilometers), offers reduced infrastructure cost and complexity compared with short-range multihop topologies. The advantages of LPWAN technologies come at the expense of challenging constraints in terms of message sizes, bit rates, and message rates.
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