Abstract
In the fall of 1999 France passed a law that established civil unions (Pacte Civil de Solidarite—PaCS) for gay and heterosexual couples. Supporters of the new law hailed the victory of the plural left and suggested that the PaCS was indeed a law born out of a strong French republican tradition. These supporters further argued that the republican model of national integration, once again, had proven uniquely successful.1 The laws of the republic granted similar rights to gay and straight couples alike, regardless of their sexual orientation and their group affiliation:
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