Abstract
Recent research efforts have gone into formalizing and standardizing the Safe by Design process of nanomaterials. This usually results in a structured and (most often) sequential approach deliberately putting the focus on hazard and exposure issues regarding the nanomaterial itself in a bottom-up progression of material development. However, this general strategy lacks flexibility. Within the project SERENADE, a case study examining photocatalytic paint failed to validate the generally accepted Safe by Design scheme. This example examined the product (paint in this case) rather than the nanomaterials it contains. It was found that the essential parameters, namely product specification and functionality, failed to fit into a rigid bottom-up approach and indicated the need for alternative Safe by Design strategies.
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