Abstract
The target of the command is not specified in the linguistic expression. ✶ ✁✒✆ Other languages may permit a subject, and English allows the intended ✶ ✁✒✝ target to be affixed “John, shut the door!”, “Shut the door, John!”. In the case ✶ ✁✒✂ of (1), one would anticipate that the addressee is expected to comply by ✶ ✁✒✒ performing an action that results in the door being shut. ✶ ✁✒✁ Some sentences have the form of imperatives, but are not usually in✶ ✁✁✓ terpreted as overt commands. For example, (2) appears to express a wish ✶ ✁✁✶ or hope, or “optative”, (cf. “May you live long and prosper”). And (3), as ✶ ✁✁✄ a “(co)hortative”, expresses encouragement, or a proposal for joint action. ✶ ✁✁☎ Neither are commands as such (Schmerling, 1982; Mastop, 2005). ✶ ✁✁
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