The Self-assembly of Single Amino Acids and Materials Rich in a Particular Amino Acid

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Diseases can result from an excess or deficit of amino acids in the blood. The smallest biomolecules that can self-assemble are amino acids. Fifteen amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, glycine, alanine, valine, serine, isoleucine, proline, cysteine, glutamic acid, methionine, threonine, tyrosine, and lysine, have been observed to self-assemble out of the twenty amino acid forms. A disorder known as "hyperaminoacidemia" can result from elevated blood levels of amino acids, while there are rare exceptions, such as phenylketonuria (high phenylalanine) and histidinemia (high histidine concentration). Increased level of amino acids in the blood is the source of all these disorders, which can manifest neurological symptoms, such as mental retardation, convulsions, epilepsy, immobility, and developmental delay. The high concentrations of amino acids in the body are caused by decreased activity of enzymes that are responsible for breaking down amino acids, a phenomenon that has been extensively studied in relation to mutations in these enzymes. Phenylketonuria, a neurological disorder caused by phenylalanine self-assembly, is associated with high phenylalanine levels. Neurodegeneration, typified by tryptophan self-assembly, is caused by an abnormal accumulation of tryptophan, which has been connected to hypertryptophanemia. There is uncertainty about the molecular mechanism underlying diseases caused by elevated levels of every other amino acid in our bodies. The self-assembly of various single amino acids and materials rich in a specific amino acid is discussed in this review article, along with the consequences and the variety of structures that are created, as well as the effects of factors like temperature, pH, concentration, and so forth.