The Selectivity and Sustainability of a Pd–In/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst in a Packed-Bed Reactor: The Effect of Solution Composition

Abstract

This study tested the selectivity and sustain- ability of an alumina-supported Pd-In bimetallic catalyst for nitrate reduction with H2 in a continuous-flow packed- bed reactor in the presence of: (i) dissolved oxygen (DO), an alternative electron acceptor to nitrate, (ii) variable NO3 - :H2 influent loadings, and (iii) the presence of a known foulant, sulfide. The sustainability of the catalyst was promising, as the catalyst was found to be stable under all conditions tested with respect to metal leaching. The presence of DO at concentrations typical of treatment conditions will increase H2 demand for NO3 - reduction, but has no negative impact on the selectivity of the catalyst. Under optimal conditions, i.e., a pH of 5.0 and a high NO3 - :H2 influent loading, low NH3 selectivity (5%) was achieved for extended periods (36 days), resulting in sus- tained levels of NH3 that approached the European legal limit. The biggest challenge to the sustainability of the catalyst was the addition of sulfide, that initially increased NH3 selectivity and ultimately resulted in complete deac- tivation of the catalyst. Further work is required to identify regeneration methods to restore sulfide-fouled catalyst activity and selectivity; however, the most effective use would be to remove sulfide prior to catalytic treatment.