Abstract

At the dawn of a new decade, particle physics faces the challenge of explaining the mystery of dark matter, the origin of matter over antimatter in the Universe, the apparent fine-tuning of the electroweak scale, and many other aspects of fundamental physics. Perhaps the most striking frontier to emerge in the search for answers involves New Physics at mass scales comparable to that of familiar matter—below the GeV scale but with very feeble interaction strength. New theoretical ideas to address dark matter and other fundamental questions predict such feebly interacting particles (FIPs) at these scales, and existing data may even provide hints of this possibility. Emboldened by the lessons of the LHC, a vibrant experimental program to discover such physics is underway, guided by a systematic theoretical approach that is firmly grounded in the underlying principles of the Standard Model. We give an overview of these efforts, their motivations, and the decadal goals that animate the community involved in the search for FIPs, and we focus in particular on accelerator-based experiments.

Highlights

  • Results and the growing recognition that feebly interacting particles (FIPs) can address SM puzzles over a wider mass range that extends well below the GeV scale

  • This review aims to summarize the current state of FIP physics; we focus on the relatively unexplored MeV–GeV mass range and give special attention to accelerator-based experiments

  • heavy neutral lepton (HNL), axion-like particles (ALPs), and in general light dark matter (DM) mediators feebly coupled to SM particles can decay to visible final states with a probability that depends on the model and scenario

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Summary

MOTIVATIONS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

FIPs are any new (massive or massless) particles coupled to SM particles via extremely small couplings. The small strength of these couplings can be due to the presence of an approximate symmetry that is only slightly broken and/or to the presence of a large mass hierarchy between particles. FIPs are neutral under the SM gauge interactions, a small weak neutral charge is possible. FIPs are fully complementary to New Physics with sizable couplings at the TeV scale explored (directly or indirectly) by the LHC experiments.

Motivations
Theoretical Framework
Extending Minimal Portals
EXPERIMENTAL LANDSCAPE
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Detection of Visible Decays
Direct Detection of Light Dark Matter Scattering off the Detector Material
Missing Momentum and Missing Energy Techniques
Missing Mass Technique
EXPERIMENTAL SENSITIVITY
Vector Portal
10–8 SN 1987A
Scalar Portal
Pseudoscalar Portal
Fermion Portal
10–6 Laboratory
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
Full Text
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