Abstract
A placebo is an inert substance that produces beneficial therapeutic effects. In the context of clinical trials, the placebo response refers to an improvement in symptoms in study participants assigned to placebo treatment. High placebo responses pose a substantial impediment to distinguishing active treatment effects and may in part account for the failure to identify effective treatments in clinical trials in osteoarthritis (OA) and other conditions. The treatment response to placebos has been to linked to an effect on opioid receptors in the brain.
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