Abstract

In all fields, from all points of view, the high Middle Ages from the foundation of Constantinople in the fourth century, down to the great movement of the Crusades from the eleventh century onwards constitute an Oriental period of history. This is especially true of the three centuries from the middle of the eighth to the middle of the eleventh, which correspond to the apogee of the Muslim World. It is in the Muslim East that the instigative centers of economic and cultural life are found; the West offers but empty and receptive spaces of an area from which commercial and intellectual activity has withdrawn since the decadence of Rome and the Barbarian Invasions.1

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