Abstract

BackgroundSchistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects about 237 million people worldwide. Despite recent efforts, we still lack a general understanding of the relevant host-parasite interactions, and the possible treatments are limited by the emergence of resistant strains and the absence of a vaccine. The S. mansoni genome was completely sequenced and still under continuous annotation. Nevertheless, more than 45% of the encoded proteins remain without experimental characterization or even functional prediction. To improve our knowledge regarding the biology of this parasite, we conducted a proteome-wide evolutionary analysis to provide a broad view of the S. mansoni’s proteome evolution and to improve its functional annotation.ResultsUsing a phylogenomic approach, we reconstructed the S. mansoni phylome, which comprises the evolutionary histories of all parasite proteins and their homologs across 12 other organisms. The analysis of a total of 7,964 phylogenies allowed a deeper understanding of genomic complexity and evolutionary adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle. In particular, the identification of lineage-specific gene duplications pointed to the diversification of several protein families that are relevant for host-parasite interaction, including proteases, tetraspanins, fucosyltransferases, venom allergen-like proteins, and tegumental-allergen-like proteins. In addition to the evolutionary knowledge, the phylome data enabled us to automatically re-annotate 3,451 proteins through a phylogenetic-based approach rather than solely sequence similarity searches. To allow further exploitation of this valuable data, all information has been made available at PhylomeDB (http://www.phylomedb.org).ConclusionsIn this study, we used an evolutionary approach to assess S. mansoni parasite biology, improve genome/proteome functional annotation, and provide insights into host-parasite interactions. Taking advantage of a proteome-wide perspective rather than focusing on individual proteins, we identified that this parasite has experienced specific gene duplication events, particularly affecting genes that are potentially related to the parasitic lifestyle. These innovations may be related to the mechanisms that protect S. mansoni against host immune responses being important adaptations for the parasite survival in a potentially hostile environment. Continuing this work, a comparative analysis involving genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from other helminth parasites, other parasites, and vectors will supply more information regarding parasite’s biology as well as host-parasite interactions.

Highlights

  • Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects about 237 million people worldwide

  • Taking advantage of a proteome-wide perspective rather than focusing on individual proteins, we identified that this parasite has experienced specific gene duplication events, affecting genes that are potentially related to the parasitic lifestyle

  • Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) are the main causative agents of human schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in 77 countries where more than 237 million people require preventive chemotherapy and other 779 million live in areas of risk of infection [1,2,3,4]

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Summary

Introduction

Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects about 237 million people worldwide. Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) are the main causative agents of human schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in 77 countries where more than 237 million people require preventive chemotherapy and other 779 million live in areas of risk of infection [1,2,3,4]. The genomes of these parasites have been recently published providing insights into parasite’s development, infection, and host-parasite interactions [5,6,7]. The availability of genomic data offers new opportunities for innovation in the control of schistosomiasis, by providing information that allows for the identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates through a system-wide perspective [5,19,20]

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