Abstract
Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) fragrance and its origin in stress make it probably the most suitable model to study stress-induced aroma. Production being confined only to certain small pockets of South and Southeast Asia, agarwood is arguably the costliest wood in the world. Formation of fragrant agarwood resin is the outcome of complex biotic, abiotic, and physical stress on the Aquilaria trees. The intricate mechanism by which some 150 odd fragrant molecules that constitute agarwood aroma is formed is still not clearly understood. The present review therefore aims to bring to focus this less known but highly valuable stress-induced aroma from Asia. Discussions on agarwood species, occurrence, distribution, formation, and products have been included as foundation. Although global trade in agarwood and its products is estimated at US$6 billion to US$8 billion, no reliable data are readily available in literature. Therefore, an effort has been made to review the current status of agarwood trade. The element of stress and its correlation to agarwood aroma is discussed in the subsequent sections. Natural agarwood formation as well as technologies and interventions in agarwood induction are stress-based (natural and artificial injury, insect and fungal attack, chemical induction). The molecular triggers are gradually coming to light as new studies are implicating jasmonate, LOX signaling, and other stress reaction routes as the source of agarwood aroma. This review therefore has strived to compile the information that is scattered across scientific as well as other authentic literature and update the reader on the current status. More information about the specific roles of other vital stressors like insects, abiotic, and genetic factors is eagerly awaited from ongoing and future research to further understand the unique fragrance of agarwood.
Highlights
Agarwood is quite unusual, since stressed, diseased, and malformed trees are preferred over healthy, luxuriant ones
The results indicated that holes made with screws, wounds inflicted with chisels, and bark removed with hatchets gave dark yellow-brown to dark discoloration, while nails hammered into the trunk gave dark brown to black, and hammers beaten on the trunk gave only little discoloration
GC-malate synthase (MS) analysis showed that jinkohol, agarospirol, and 2(2-phenyl) chromone derivatives were present in all discolored tissues collected at 10 cm intervals of the trees inoculated with each fungus. β-Seline, γ-eudesmol, and valerenal were found in 9 out of 10 sample points in the stem
Summary
Since stressed, diseased, and malformed trees are preferred over healthy, luxuriant ones. According to the results, when the combination of Agar-Sit and R. vinctus was used, agarwood could be induced with higher yield and better quality of resin (Chen et al, 2018) Another method has been developed for large-scale production of agarwood, where essentially a combined approach is used, based on physical wounding and chemical induction. GC-MS analysis showed that jinkohol, agarospirol, and 2(2-phenyl) chromone derivatives were present in all discolored tissues collected at 10 cm intervals of the trees inoculated with each fungus. β-Seline, γ-eudesmol, and valerenal were found in 9 out of 10 sample points in the stem
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