Abstract
To extend the scope of high frequency (HF) radio oceanography, a new HF radar model, named shore-to-air bistatic HF radar, has been proposed for ocean observations. To explore this model, the first-order scattering coefficient and the second-order electromagnetic scattering coefficient for shore-to-air bistatic HF radar are derived using the perturbation method. In conjunction with the contribution of the hydrodynamic component, the second-order scattering coefficient is derived. Based on the derived scattering coefficients, we analyzed the simulated echo Doppler spectra for various scattering angles and azimuthal angles, operation frequencies, wind speeds, and directions of wind, which may provide the guideline on the extraction of sea state information for shore-to-air bistatic HF radar. The singularities in the simulated echo Doppler spectra are discussed using the normalized constant Doppler frequency contours. In addition, the scattering coefficients of shore-to-air bistatic HF radar are compared with that of monostatic HF radar and land-based bistatic HF radar. The results verify the correctness of the proposed scattering coefficients. The model of shore-to-air bistatic HF radar is effective for ocean observations.
Highlights
High frequency (HF) radars have been efficient tools for ocean current, wave, and wind measurement, as well as target detection in the past four decades [1,2,3,4]
The interpretation of HF radio scattering from the ocean surface in monostatic and bistatic mode has been developed for several decades
The scattering coefficient of shore-to-air bistatic HF radar can be reduced to the case of monostatic radar when the scattering angle and the azimuth angle are 90◦ and 180◦ respectively, which is identical to the result in [29]
Summary
High frequency (HF) radars have been efficient tools for ocean current, wave, and wind measurement, as well as target detection in the past four decades [1,2,3,4]. The first-order and second-order scattering coefficients for monostatic HF radar, derived by Barrick [5,6] based on Rice’s work [7], have been widely accepted [8,9]. New monostatic HF electromagnetic scattering coefficients were proposed by Walsh using generalized functions from rough surfaces [10]. Gill and Walsh developed the first-order and second-order scattering coefficients for land-based bistatic HF radar based on a generalized function [19,20,21]. In this paper, beginning with the establishment of the geometry of shore-to-air bistatic HF radar, the electric field intensity is obtained for the perfectly conducting rough ocean surface.
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