Abstract
The Scale Invariant Vacuum (SIV) theory rests on the basic hypothesis that the macroscopic empty space is scale invariant. This hypothesis is applied in the context of the Integrable Weyl Geometry, where it leads to considerable simplifications in the scale covariant cosmological equations. After an initial explosion and a phase of braking, the cosmological models show a continuous acceleration of the expansion. Several observational tests of the SIV cosmology are performed: on the relation between H 0 and the age of the Universe, on the m − z diagram for SNIa data and its extension to z = 7 with quasars and GRBs, and on the H ( z ) vs. z relation. All comparisons show a very good agreement between SIV predictions and observations. Predictions for the future observations of the redshift drifts are also given. In the weak field approximation, the equation of motion contains, in addition to the classical Newtonian term, an acceleration term (usually very small) depending on the velocity. The two-body problem is studied, showing a slow expansion of the classical conics. The new equation has been applied to clusters of galaxies, to rotating galaxies (some proximities with Modifies Newtonian Dynamics, MOND, are noticed), to the velocity dispersion vs. the age of the stars in the Milky Way, and to the growth of the density fluctuations in the Universe. We point out the similarity of the mechanical effects of the SIV hypothesis in cosmology and in the Newtonian approximation. In both cases, it results in an additional acceleration in the direction of motions. In cosmology, these effects are currently interpreted in terms of the dark energy hypothesis, while in the Newtonian approximation they are accounted for in terms of the dark matter (DM) hypothesis. These hypotheses appear no longer necessary in the SIV context.
Highlights
This work pertains to the exploration of new ways to try to understand the dark components of the Universe
Hypothesis, i.e., the assumption that the macroscopic empty space is invariant to scale transformations. We may call it the most economic one because this hypothesis is first a simple minimal extension of Einstein’s General Relativity (GR), compared to the many ones proposed to account for the dark components of the Universe, and, as further discussed below, this hypothesis is already satisfied in electrodynamics, Universe 2020, 6, 46; doi:10.3390/universe6030046
Even if they do not explicitly rely on the ΛCDM models, these determinations assume that the oscillations responsible for the CMB peaks and Baryons Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) oscillations obey a gravitation law, which is different from what is assumed by the scale-invariant vacuum (SIV) theory, as given by the field and geodesic
Summary
We present the basic physical assumptions of the Scale-Invariant Vacuum (SIV) theory, the cosmological properties with new results, and several tests in the weak field approximation. Maxwell’s equations are scale invariant in empty space It is not so frequently mentioned, it is true for General Relativity (GR) if the Einstein cosmological constant. Canuto et al [12] In this context, it is possible to have scale invariant field and geodesic equations in the presence of a non-zero cosmological constant. At this stage, we do not know whether, in her wisdom, Nature presents the properties of gauge invariance simultaneously with a non-zero cosmological constant.
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