Abstract
Plant-based diets, defined here as including both vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are growing in popularity throughout the Western world for various reasons, including concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than meat-based diets and have a reduced environmental impact, including producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Dietary guidelines are normally formulated to enhance the health of society, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional deficiencies. We reviewed the scientific data on plant-based diets to summarize their preventative and therapeutic role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Consuming plant-based diets is safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle, from pregnancy and lactation, to childhood, to old age. Plant-based diets, which are high in fiber and polyphenolics, are also associated with a diverse gut microbiota, producing metabolites that have anti-inflammatory functions that may help manage disease processes. Concerns about the adequate intake of a number of nutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fats, are discussed. The use of fortified foods and/or supplements as well as appropriate food choices are outlined for each nutrient. Finally, guidelines are suggested for health professionals working with clients consuming plant-based diets.
Highlights
Interest in plant-based diets has soared in the past decade for a myriad of reasons [1].People are concerned about issues such as their health, climate change, the sustainability of the food production system, and the welfare of animals
Results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study revealed that omega-3 status differences were much smaller than dietary differences, with vegans and vegetarians showing a more efficient conversion of ALA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [311]
Most studies indicate that plasma, serum, erythrocytes, adipose, and platelet levels of EPA and DHA are lower in vegetarians than omnivores [309], yet there is no evidence of adverse effects on heart health or cognitive function in vegetarians [312,313]
Summary
Interest in plant-based diets has soared in the past decade for a myriad of reasons [1]. This paper will discuss the environmental issues and the benefits for the planet of significantly reducing or eliminating meat and dairy foods from our diet. It outlines the therapeutic advantages of a plant-based diet for managing the chronic diseases of Western society, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and diabetes. Questions were raised about the adequacy of a plant-based diet with respect to eight key nutrients. These are discussed in detail, with solutions suggested as to how one can meet the dietary requirements through food choices and/or supplementation. Some simple guidelines are given for health professionals to effectively serve the growing population of those consuming a plant-based diet
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