Abstract
Simple SummaryBreast and lung cancers are the most diagnosed cancers in the United States. Despite advances in treatment, over 176,000 deaths are expected in 2021, highlighting the need for new therapies. We evaluated MSU42011, a new RXR receptor activator, in murine models of breast and lung cancer, and this agonist reduced the tumor burden in both models. The tumor microenvironment is composed of numerous immune cells that can inhibit or promote tumor growth. MSU42011 modulated T cells within the tumor, reducing tumor-promoting immune cells and increasing tumor-killing cells. MSU42011 in combination with immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) also decreased tumor burden when compared with individual treatments in the lung cancer model.(1) Background: Notwithstanding numerous therapeutic advances, 176,000 deaths from breast and lung cancers will occur in the United States in 2021 alone. The tumor microenvironment and its modulation by drugs have gained increasing attention and relevance, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy as a standard of care in clinical practice. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and upon ligand binding, function as transcription factors to modulate multiple cell functions. Bexarotene, the only FDA-approved RXR agonist, is still used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (2) Methods: To test the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of MSU42011, a new RXR agonist, we used two different immunocompetent murine models (MMTV-Neu mice, a HER2 positive model of breast cancer and the A/J mouse model, in which vinyl carbamate is used to initiate lung tumorigenesis) and an immunodeficient xenograft lung cancer model. (3) Results: Treatment of established tumors in immunocompetent models of HER2-positive breast cancer and Kras-driven lung cancer with MSU42011 significantly decreased the tumor burden and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Moreover, the combination of MSU42011 and immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor size vs. individual treatments. However, MSU42011 was ineffective in an athymic human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, supporting an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. (4) Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that the RXR agonist MSU42011 can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment in breast and lung cancer.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and is responsible for over42,000 deaths in the United States per year [1]
The Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) nuclear receptor is expressed in all tissues in the body, as RXR regulates mechanisms required for tissue maintenance such as glucose consumption, cell division, and immune regulation [12,27]
Because RXR is essential in normal physiology, we hypothesized that RXR expression will be downregulated in cancer
Summary
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and is responsible for over42,000 deaths in the United States per year [1]. Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and is responsible for over. Targeted therapies have reduced cancer deaths, but human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive- and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are often deadly, mostly due to acquired resistance. Lung cancer remains the foremost cause of cancer deaths. Overall survival in lung cancer patients is less than 20%, despite the recent promise of targeted therapies and immunotherapy [1]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibodies against PD1 and PDL1, have emerged as a standard of care to treat lung cancers without actionable targets. Patient responses to immunotherapy vary from 20% to 40%, highlighting the need to develop effective new drugs to enhance efficacy and suppress resistance [2]
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