The Rutherford era: the seeds of the new physics

Abstract

While the ground-breaking discoveries in nuclear physics were taking place, the seeds of many new disciplines were being sown which were to be of central importance for the future development of the Laboratory. The great quantum revolution was in full swing and this required the assimilation of quite new theoretical tools and concepts which were to be essential for the future experimental research programme. We first address how the new theoretical physics was incorporated into the Laboratory's programme before describing the new directions taken in experimental physics. Experimental and theoretical physics Rutherford was notoriously unimpressed by complex mathematical theory, preferring simplicity and model-building as in his ‘billiard-ball’ model for collisions between charged particles. But he was always prepared to listen and could not ignore the success of Gamow'sprediction of barrier penetration. However sceptical he may have been, he was fully supportive of Cockcroft and Walton's experiments which relied upon the correctness of the wave mechanical model of the atomic nucleus (Section 9.6). Likewise, he was impressed by Mott and Blackett's demonstration of the need to use Bose–Einstein statistics in the scattering of helium nuclei by α -particles (Section 9.3). There were significant and friendly interactions between the applied mathematicians and the experimental physicists in the Cavendish Laboratory, despite the fact that they belonged to different faculties. The Cambridge college system helped bring experimenters and theorists together, but against this was the almost insuperable obstacle that mathematics was taught as part of the Mathematical Tripos and physics as part of the Natural Sciences Tripos. This division placed a significant academic barrier in the formal teaching of the disciplines and to collaboration between physicists and mathematicians. The development of quantum mechanics from Bohr's pioneering discovery of the structure of the hydrogen atom in 1913, through the old quantum theory from 1913 to 1925 and to the fully fledged theory of quantum mechanics in the period 1925 to 1930 was the product of the brilliant researches of theorists largely centred on Copenhagen, Gottingen and Munich. The schools of Bohr, Born, Sommerfeld and Hilbert produced a galaxy of brilliant young theorists, including Heisenberg, Jordan, Pauli, Kramers and many others – Pauli referred to the new quantum mechanics as Knabenphysik , young man's physics.