Abstract
By the beginning of the 2010s, the concept of hybrid warfare had gained as much popularity as criticism. As an outcome of both, there were different attempts to interpret Hoffman’s ideas, the most methodological of which was published by NATO in 2012. NATO’s initial enthusiasm for the idea of hybridity was not shared by its member states, yet this changed with the Ukrainian crisis, which brought the idea back to the center of academic, military and political discourse. This chapter seeks to analyze this discourse. Its first part focuses on the main criticism of the initial US concept of hybrid warfare and its later reconceptualization, which was intended to answer the disadvantages and weaknesses outlined in the critiques of the concept. The second part discusses the revival of hybrid warfare in the context of Russia’s actions in Crimea and eastern Ukraine and the rise of the narrative of Russian hybrid warfare. The final part of the chapter analyses the politicization of this narrative in the West, focusing on the ways in which the conceptual debate on contemporary warfare has been reshaped to serve different political purposes.
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