Abstract
Glioma originates in the central nervous system and is classified based on both histological features and molecular genetic characteristics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are longer than 200 nucleotides and are known to regulate tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and even confer therapeutic resistance to glioma cells. Since oncogenic lncRNAs have been frequently upregulated to promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in glioma cells, while tumor-suppressive lncRNAs responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis and decrease in therapeutic sensitivity in glioma cells have been generally downregulated, the dysregulation of lncRNAs affects many features of glioma patients, and the expression profiles associated with these lncRNAs are needed to diagnose the disease stage and to determine suitable therapeutic strategies. Accumulating studies show that the orchestrations of oncogenic lncRNAs and tumor-suppressive lncRNAs in glioma cells result in signaling pathways that influence the pathogenesis and progression of glioma. Furthermore, several lncRNAs are related to the regulation of therapeutic sensitivity in existing anticancer therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Consequently, we undertook this review to improve the understanding of signaling pathways influenced by lncRNAs in glioma and how lncRNAs affect therapeutic resistance.
Highlights
Gliomas include several types of tumors originated from non-neoplastic glial cells in the central nervous system
Overexpressed Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) in human glioma cell lines might be released in an exosome-dependent manner, and this release leads to the suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis via the downregulation of Bax and caspase 3, which are responsible for angiogenesis induction, glioma development and chemoresistance [40,41]. lncRNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) promotes the proliferation and invasion of U87 and U251 glioma cell lines and patient-derived glioma tissues by acting as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and sponging miR-136-5p, which has been linked with poor prognosis in glioma patients [19,42]
In addition to oncogenic lncRNAs, some lncRNAs have tumor-suppressive activities in glioma cells (Table 2). lncRNA RP11-838N2.4 is downregulated in glioblastoma cell lines, and this downregulation is associated with temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients [51]
Summary
Gliomas include several types of tumors originated from non-neoplastic glial cells in the central nervous system. Profiling analysis results have confirmed that patients suffering from glioma exhibit different lncRNA expression patterns [33], and lncRNAs have attracted considerable attention as potential biomarkers of glioma diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy [37]. From this point of view, the identification of glioma-specific lncRNAs is required for diagnosing disease stage and identifying optimal treatment strategies
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