Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of wound healing are complex but inflammation is one of the determining factors. Besides its traditional role in combating against infection upon injury, the characteristics and magnitude of inflammation have dramatic impacts on the pathogenesis of scar. Keloids and hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from aberrant wound healing. They are characterized by continuous local inflammation and excessive collagen deposition. In this review, we aim at discussing how dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of scar formation. Immune cells, soluble inflammatory mediators, and the related intracellular signal transduction pathways are our three subtopics encompassing the events occurring in inflammation associated with scar formation. In the end, we enumerate the current and potential medicines and therapeutics for suppressing inflammation and limiting progression to scar. Understanding the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation will provide insights into the mechanisms of scar formation and is useful for developing effective treatments.
Highlights
Wound healing is one of the most common events repeatedly occurring through an entire human life
It is unsurprising that macrophage overabundance was correlated with abnormal scar formation [14]. These macrophages could promote the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by secreting transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) and platelet-derived growth factor–CC (PDGF-CC), both of which facilitate collagen deposition and scar formation [15, 16]
Excessiveness of either of these two factors leads to the development of keloid or hypertrophic scars
Summary
Zheng-Cai Wang 1, Wan-Yi Zhao 1, Yangyang Cao 2, Yan-Qi Liu 1, Qihang Sun 3, Peng Shi 3, Jia-Qin Cai 1, Xiao Z. The underlying mechanisms of wound healing are complex but inflammation is one of the determining factors. Besides its traditional role in combating against infection upon injury, the characteristics and magnitude of inflammation have dramatic impacts on the pathogenesis of scar. Keloids and hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from aberrant wound healing. They are characterized by continuous local inflammation and excessive collagen deposition. We aim at discussing how dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of scar formation. Soluble inflammatory mediators, and the related intracellular signal transduction pathways are our three subtopics encompassing the events occurring in inflammation associated with scar formation. Understanding the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation will provide insights into the mechanisms of scar formation and is useful for developing effective treatments
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