Abstract
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rarely diagnosed condition resulting from compression of the celiac trunk (CT) by the median arcuate ligament (MAL) of the diaphragm. Ischemia due to reduced blood flow through the CT and/or neuropathic pain resulting from celiac ganglion compression may result in a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, postprandial discomfort, and weight loss. However, the mechanism of compression and its anatomical correlates have been incompletely delineated. It has been hypothesized that CT angle of origination may be more acute in individuals with MALS. Here, frequency of anatomical variation in the MAL and CT were assessed in 35 cadaveric subjects (17M/18F), including the vertebral level of origin of CT and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the distance between CT and MAL and SMA, the angles of origination of CT and SMA, the diameter at the CT base, and MAL/CT overlap. Females exhibited significantly higher rates of inferred MAL/CT overlap than males. Significant correlations were revealed between MAL/CT overlap and angles of origination of the CT and SMA. Vertebral level of origin of the CT in individuals with MAL/CT overlap was not significantly more superior than in those without. This study also revealed a significant relationship between MAL/CT overlap and angle of origination of the CT, which has clinical implications for understanding the anatomy associated with MALS.
Highlights
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS), known as celiac artery compression syndrome or Dunbar syndrome, is a rarely diagnosed disease resulting from compression of the celiac trunk (CT)by the median arcuate ligament (MAL) [1] (Figure 1)
There was no significant difference in the vertebral level of the CT or superior mesenteric artery (SMA) between individuals with MAL/CT overlap versus those without
When age was factored out, significant correlations were revealed between MAL/CT overlap and angles of origination of both the CT (r = 0.466, p = 0.005) and SMA (r = 0.439, p = 0.009), further supporting the results from the Analyses of Variances (ANOVA) (Table 2; Figure 3)
Summary
By the median arcuate ligament (MAL) [1] (Figure 1). The MAL is an arch-like fascial structure of the diaphragm linking the right and left diaphragmatic crura. While it has been noted as early as 1917 that the CT “is not infrequently partly covered by the diaphragm” [2], the precise relationship of the CT to the MAL was not extensively studied until recent years [3,4,5,6,7]. The abdominal diaphragm develops from its precursor, the septum transversum, which originates from mesenchyme in the mid-cervical region around embryonic day 22 [8]. The two crura (legs) of the diaphragm develop as muscular extensions that attach to the lateral sides of the lumbar
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