Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic indicators that increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Visceral obesity and factors derived from altered adipose tissue, adipokines, play critical roles in the development of metabolic syndrome. Although the adipokines leptin and adiponectin improve insulin sensitivity, others contribute to the development of glucose intolerance, including visfatin, fetuin-A, resistin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Leptin and adiponectin increase fatty acid oxidation, prevent foam cell formation, and improve lipid metabolism, while visfatin, fetuin-A, PAI-1, and resistin have pro-atherogenic properties. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of various adipokines in the development of metabolic syndrome, focusing on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
Highlights
Mechanisms of Adipokines inWith the increasing prevalence of overweight and sedentary lifestyles worldwide, a global epidemic of metabolic syndrome has begun
Several factors that are mainly secreted from adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome [13,14]
The level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the obese group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and PAI-1 was positively associated with components of metabolic syndrome such as higher body mass index (BMI), skin fold thickness, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR [103]
Summary
With the increasing prevalence of overweight and sedentary lifestyles worldwide, a global epidemic of metabolic syndrome has begun. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of interrelated conditions that often occur together, including obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [3]. Metabolic syndrome is important because of its association with an increasing prevalence of diabetes and a higher risk of cardiovascular events such as heart disease and stroke, which have become major public health issues [5]. Dysregulation of certain adipokines can promote pathogenic conditions associated with obesity, lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance. These increase the risk of atherosclerosis [6].
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