Abstract
ZnO was introduced into Ca0.6Sr0.4TiO3ceramics as a dopant and an intergrangular phase in this research, followed by detailed structure characterization, energy storage performance analysis, and electrical behavior studies. The results revealed that the existence of ZnO as a dopant led to the decrease of conduction activation energy and the deterioration of energy storage behavior, while appropriate introduction of ZnO as an intergranular phase resulted in the increase of conduction activation energy and the optimization of energy storage performance. Additionally, the inverse relation between interfacial polarization and energy storage performance was observed in this study. Finally, an increased energy storage density of 1.16 J/cm3was achieved in 1 mol% ZnO-added Ca0.6Sr0.4TiO3ceramics.
Highlights
Dielectric capacitors, which store and release electric energy through the reorientation of dipoles, possess ultrahigh power densities, being suitable for occasions that need a large amount of energy to be released in a short time, such as pulse power systems, which are extensively applied in hybrid electric vehicles, avionics, oil drilling, and high-power lasers for military applications (Hao, 2013; Fan et al, 2018; Li et al, 2018; Palneedi et al, 2018; Tan, 2020; Yao et al, 2020; Li et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2021)
It appears that the doping amount had little influence on the average grain size (∼3–4 μm) of CST ceramics when ZnO was introduced as a dopant; at the same time, a uniform grain size distribution was observed, which indicates the single phase in CST ceramics, consistent with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results
When ZnO was introduced as an intergranular phase, the average grain size was notably reduced to ∼1–1.5 μm, accompanied with a duplex distribution of very big grains (1.5–2.5 μm) and very small grains
Summary
Dielectric capacitors, which store and release electric energy through the reorientation of dipoles, possess ultrahigh power densities, being suitable for occasions that need a large amount of energy to be released in a short time, such as pulse power systems, which are extensively applied in hybrid electric vehicles, avionics, oil drilling, and high-power lasers for military applications (Hao, 2013; Fan et al, 2018; Li et al, 2018; Palneedi et al, 2018; Tan, 2020; Yao et al, 2020; Li et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2021). The reduction of sintering temperature and the optimization of the microstructure are realized simultaneously, in which the approaches including the reforming of the sintering process (two-step sintering, microwave sintering, and spark plasma sintering) (Liu et al, 2017a; Liu et al, 2017b; Liu et al, 2019), the doping of selected ions (Bi3+, Nd3+) (Wang et al, 2018; Zhu et al, 2021), the addition of glasses (Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO, BaO-SrO-Nb2O5-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2) (Wang et al, 2017; Song et al, 2018), and the addition of oxides (CuO, ZnO, MgO, SiO2, and MnO2) (Dong et al, 2009; Huang et al, 2015; Muhammad et al, 2016; Pu et al, 2017; Qu et al, 2017; Huang et al, 2018; Tao et al, 2018; Yao et al, 2018; Huang et al, 2019; Li et al, 2020).
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