Abstract
Trace minerals are dietary elements required by the body in minute amounts, ranging from 0.10 to 50.0 mg/kg dry matter in beef cattle diets [1]. These trace minerals are all necessary for the biochemical processes of the body that support proper growth and maintenance. For example, Cu is necessary for the function of superoxide dismutase and its removal of toxic byproducts from metabolic pathways [2]. The removal of these toxic byproducts allows for metabolism to proceed efficiently, uninhibited by damaging oxygen free radicals. Zinc, an important trace mineral for enzyme function, aides in the regulation of nucleic acid production, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein synthesis, thus providing a stable framework for development [3]. The immune system is part of the host’s defense against destructive forces from outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, or from within, such as malignant cells or those that produce autoantibodies [4]. This system is composed of two branches: the innate or non-specific immune system, and the adaptive or specific immune system [5]. In this review paper, an attempt has been made to review effects of mineral supplements in Rumen Metabolism, effects on Immune Function in different species of animals.
Highlights
Catalytic: minerals acting as catalysts in enzymatic systems, as integral compounds in the structure of metalloenzymes or as cofactors required for enzymatic activation (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se involved in cytochromes, ceruloplasmin, carbonic anhydrase, pyruvate carboxylase, and glutathione peroxidase, respectively)
The aim of this review is to explore the factors involved in bioavailability of Zn, Mn and Cu at the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the mineral status of the host animal
While these differences can be partially explained by the dose of Zn and the fermentation substrate used by the different authors, an alternative mechanism is proposed by [27], who found that addition of 50 μg/mL of Zn to in vitro incubations decreased cellulose digestion at 24 h, but not at 48 h, resulting in an overall decrease in the rate, but not the extent of digestion
Summary
111 chemical elements are officially accepted by the International Un-. The accomplishment of an adequate supply of minerals is especially challenging since requirements for most minerals are not constant, but affected by physiological factors including genetics, age, sex, type of production (maintenance, growth, reproduction, and lactation), and level of production [10]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
