Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion.
Highlights
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with endocytic origins (Kalluri, 2016; van Niel et al, 2018), formed during the maturation of endosomes and upon the invagination and budding of the limiting membrane of late endosomes to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs)
The Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) envelope Glycoprotein B (gB) and CD63 proteins colocalize in MVBs, implying that gB might be involved in MVB formation and affect exosomes biogenesis in the context of HHV-6 infection (Mori et al, 2008)
The consensus among scientists is that viral infections can regulate the biogenesis of exosomes, which plays a role in viral transmission and pathogenesis
Summary
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion
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