Abstract
Allergic diseases are significant diseases that affect many patients worldwide. In the past few decades, the incidence of allergic diseases has increased significantly due to environmental changes and social development, which has posed a substantial public health burden and even led to premature death. The understanding of the mechanism underlying allergic diseases has been substantially advanced, and the occurrence of allergic diseases and changes in the immune system state are known to be correlated. With the identification and in-depth understanding of innate lymphoid cells, researchers have gradually revealed that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play important roles in many allergic diseases. However, our current studies of ILC2s are limited, and their status in allergic diseases remains unclear. This article provides an overview of the common phenotypes and activation pathways of ILC2s in different allergic diseases as well as potential research directions to improve the understanding of their roles in different allergic diseases and ultimately find new treatments for these diseases.
Highlights
Allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergies, and allergic rhinitis (AR), have caused a substantial public health burden, reduced quality of life, and even led to premature death
Airway epithelial cells infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can induce the production of uric acid, IL-33, TSLP and CCL2, the elevated level of uric acid further promotes the expression of innate cytokines, especially IL-1, by AECs and macrophages
As mirrors of TH2 cells, ILC2s play a pivotal role in the type 2 response, especially in allergic diseases
Summary
Allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergies, and allergic rhinitis (AR), have caused a substantial public health burden, reduced quality of life, and even led to premature death. The pathophysiologies of allergic diseases are dominated by IgE-mediated inflammation and the type 2 immune response [2], and type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play roles in the development of the type 2 immune response by releasing cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 [3]. ILC2s, corresponding to Th2 cells in adaptive immunity, are highly involved in many diseases, such as allergic diseases and diabetes, and are correlated with inflammation, metabolism, tissue repair, and nervous system regulation [5]. ILC2s can further aggravate local inflammation and the immune response by releasing numerous cytokines that directly act on mucosal epithelia, blood vessels, and nerves or promote the responses of T cells and DCs. the activation of ILC2s is strongly correlated with the microenvironment and cell-to-cell signals. Most ILC2s express both IL-33R and IL-25R, and a few ILC2s express IL-33R, IL-25R or IL-18R receptors [18]
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