Abstract
In this article, we present a comprehensive, updated, and elucidative review of the current knowledge on the function played by tumor-derived vesicles (TDVs) in the crosstalk between tumor and immune cells. Characterization of the structure, biogenesis, and the major functions of TDVs is reported. The review focuses on particular ways of suppression or activation of CD4+/CD8+ T cells by tumor-derived vesicles. Tumor-derived vesicles play an important role in the suppression of antitumor immunity. During the last 15 years, vesicle research has elucidated and improved our knowledge about the role of the vesicles in intercellular communication. Nevertheless, there are still blinds spots concerning vesicle heterogeneity and isolation methods, their uptake by target cells, and the role of mRNA in T-cell transformation or suppression. Along with the substantial progress in understanding of the role of tumor-derived vesicles in intercellular communication, novel antitumor therapy strategies based on vesicle inhibition in a tumor microenvironment are likely to appear very soon.
Highlights
New data on the origin, composition, and influence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on cells have significantly changed their functions and significance
We provide a detailed description of exosomes and microvesicles, which are further referred to using the general term “vesicles”
Microvesicle budding from the cell membrane is mediated by cytoskeletal proteins, neutral sphingomyelinase N-SMase that is involved in ceramide formation, as well as ARF6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6) and phospholipase PLD2 [27, 28]
Summary
New data on the origin, composition, and influence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) on cells have significantly changed their functions and significance. The secretion of extracellular vesicles by both normal and tumor cells makes them an important component of the tumor microenvironment. Changes in the number and composition of vesicles correlate well with the severity and prognosis of many diseases. This fact allows one to use EVs as a non-invasive diagnostic tool [7]. Tumor-derived vesicles (TDVs) suppress the immune system and contribute to tumor development, they simultaneously contain tumor antigens. This review discusses how tumor-derived vesicles are involved in the immune response regulation and affect the function of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the context of a tumor microenvironment
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