Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by viable cells into the microenvironment. These vesicles bring various compositions, including lipids, RNAs and proteins, which carry information from producer cells to target cells. Cancer cells also produce exosomes, termed as tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs), which play important roles in immune modulation, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumors. This review summarizes the roles of TDEs in tumor immune escape mechanisms. TDEs affect all kinds of tumor-associated immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T and B lymphocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Generally, TDEs suppress the immune system to promote tumor immune escape, thereby significantly contributing to tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Highlights
The environment surrounding cancer cells, i.e. the local cellular environment in which tumors exist, is termed the tumor microenvironment (TME)
tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are involved in both development and metastasis of cancer via angiogenesis and immunosuppressive factors 2
TDEs are being targeted as a potential biomarker for cancer identification and next-generation cancer therapies 1
Summary
The environment surrounding cancer cells, i.e. the local cellular environment in which tumors exist, is termed the tumor microenvironment (TME). The EVs in the TME is derived from several types of cells, including cancer cells and normal cells. IMMUNE-REGULATORY ACTIVITIES OF TUMOR-DERIVED EXOSOMES ON IMMUNE CELLS
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