Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths worldwide and the number of CRC patients is increasing progressively. Despite the improvement of the surgical techniques and chemotherapy, we have not completely overcome this disease yet due to the metastases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms through which metastasis occurs is important for overcoming CRC. Normal host cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages and fibroblasts, have been reported to promote the growth of CRCs. Although neutrophils were originally considered to have defensive functions against tumor cells, it has been revealed that some populations of neutrophils, called as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), have tumor-supportive functions. The plasticity between tumor-suppressive and -supportive neutrophils are regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and Interferon-β signaling. Some studies have demonstrated that TANs promote the spread of cancer cells to distant organs. TANs contribute to the tumor invasion and angiogenesis through the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the primary and metastatic sites. Neutrophils also promotes tumor cell dissemination by capturing circulating tumor cells using neutrophil extracellular traps and promote their migration to distant sites. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a well-defined predictive marker for CRC patients. In this review, we highlight the molecular signaling between TANs and CRC cells and the possibility of TANs as a potential target for cancer therapy.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1,2,3]
Recent accumulating evidence has shown that some populations of neutrophils, known as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), could support the growth, invasion, and angiogenesis of cancer cells, they have been classically considered to exhibit a defensive response against tumor cells
Accumulating evidence has shown that neutrophils infiltrating CRC tissues, as well as macrophages and fibroblasts, play important roles in the tumor microenvironment
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1,2,3]. A limited number of cancer cells can form metastases in distant organs [9,10]. If the tumor cells can survive blood circulation, they environment andindevelop metastatic still remain has been thatinto several become trapped the capillary beds sites of distant organs.unclear. Ittumor cellsreported extravasate the types organ of host cells, such as fibroblasts (cancer-associated fibroblasts: CAF), macrophages Less is understood about how dormancy is populations neutrophils, known as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs),ofcould support the broken, someoftumor cells start to proliferate and expand through the secretion angiogenic factors growth, invasion, and angiogenesis of cancer cells,colonies. AlthoughOnly theyahave been classically considered to and the activation of proteases to form metastatic limited number of cancer cells can exhibit a defensive response against tumor.
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