Abstract
In natural selection, insertional mutagenesis is an important source of genome variability. Transposons are sensors of environmental stress effects, which contribute to adaptation and speciation. These effects are due to changes in the mechanisms of morphogenesis, since transposons contain regulatory sequences that have cis and trans effects on specific protein-coding genes. In variability of genomes, the horizontal transfer of transposons plays an important role, because it contributes to changing the composition of transposons and the acquisition of new properties. Transposons are capable of site-specific transpositions, which lead to the activation of stress response genes. Transposons are sources of non-coding RNA, transcription factors binding sites and protein-coding genes due to domestication, exonization, and duplication. These genes contain nucleotide sequences that interact with non-coding RNAs processed from transposons transcripts, and therefore they are under the control of epigenetic regulatory networks involving transposons. Therefore, inherited features of the location and composition of transposons, along with a change in the phenotype, play an important role in the characteristics of responding to a variety of environmental stressors. This is the basis for the selection and survival of organisms with a specific composition and arrangement of transposons that contribute to adaptation under certain environmental conditions. In evolution, the capability to transpose into specific genome sites, regulate gene expression, and interact with transcription factors, along with the ability to respond to stressors, is the basis for rapid variability and speciation by altering the regulation of ontogenesis. The review presents evidence of tissue-specific and stage-specific features of transposon activation and their role in the regulation of cell differentiation to confirm their role in ecological morphogenesis.
Highlights
The concept of “ecological morphogenesis” includes the features of growth and development of organisms under the influence of key adaptation mechanisms that are formed under the influence of environmental factors (Curran, 2015)
The basic principles of ecological morphogenesis are due to the differentiation and development of tissues under the control of genetic programs that have evolved under the influence of certain environmental factors with the selection of the optimal adaptive morphofunctional capabilities of the organism (Deng et al, 2014)
Further studies revealed that the features of copia activation are specific for different lines of D. melanogaster (Cheresiz et al, 2008). These results indicate the variation in TE sensitivity to stress, even in individuals within the same species
Summary
The concept of “ecological morphogenesis” includes the features of growth and development of organisms under the influence of key adaptation mechanisms that are formed under the influence of environmental factors (Curran, 2015). The key influence of the TE on the regulation of the genome is due to the origin of the transcription factors from the TE (Lin et al, 2007; Feschotte, 2008) and TF binding sites (TFBS) from the TE in the evolution Specific activation of these TFBSs was detected by switching gene expression during cell differentiation during ontogenesis (de Souza et al, 2013; Ito et al, 2017). During speciation of cabbage, TE amplified binding sites with the transcription factor E2F,
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