Abstract
Aims: the goals were to clarify immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases, as well as to identify biomarkers of disease severity, to assess the impacts of environmental factors on immune responses, and to explore immune-modulating therapeutic interventions. Study design: a narrative literature review. Place and Duration of Study: from 2019 to 2022. Methodology: a narrative review using the keywords "Immune System AND Oral Cavity" identified 15,438 studies on PubMed. Refinement excluded articles published before 2019 or after 2022, and those that were not trials or studies, resulting in a total of 41 articles. Following assessment, 15 only highly relevant articles were included into the review. Results: This narrative review has explored the involvement of the immune system in the development and progression of oral diseases. The key lessons were shown through the underlying mechanisms consisting of inflammatory mediators in the cases of oral graft-versus-host disease and oral lichen planus and the progression of oral cells cancer. The research uncovered the impact of the immune system on conditions such as periodontitis, highlighting the potential predictive utility of oral biomarkers in diagnosing disease progression and metastasis. Also, the modulation of the immune response was shown to be another possible approach for patient management in oral health field, thereby, facilitating new strategies. As a whole, these findings shed light on the massive body of targeted research into the specific immune pathways. This underscored the necessity for developing interventions that navigate the intricate interplay between the immune system and oral diseases. Conclusion: The narrative review illustrated that the immune system is dual faced in the oral cavity, being a factor that influences the final outcome without excluding the significance of other factors. It was established that distinct immunological profiles exist for numerous oral disorders, where the factors like IFN-γ and TNF can be taken as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy.
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