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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that present with social skills and communication challenges, restricted interest, and repetitive behavior. The specific cause of autism is not well understood yet. However, numerous studies indicated that environmental and genetic factors, dysregulated immune response, and alterations to the balance and content of the gut microbiota are implemented in the development of autism. Many non-pharmacological interventions are nominated to manage autism, including family support services and psychoeducational methods. Moreover, different pharmacological therapy modalities are recommended for children with ASD. Learning more about the brain, immune system, and gut connections could assist in early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neurodevelopmental disorders as an early intervention in ASD could improve a child's overall development. We gathered data from relevant previously published articles on PubMed to evaluate the role of the gut microbiota and the immune system on the development of autism.
Highlights
BackgroundCompared to other body areas, the gut has the most significant number of microorganisms, more than a trillion, with various species [1]
Gut Microbiota referred to microorganisms that live in our digestive tract; it is crucial for our health [2]
They conducted a quantitative comparison of all Clostridium species and C. perfringens strains from the fecal microbiota, separated C. perfringens pieces, and performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the primary C. perfringens toxin genes, like C. perfringens enterotoxin gene, iota, epsilon, alpha, beta, and beta2 [28]
Summary
Compared to other body areas, the gut has the most significant number of microorganisms, more than a trillion, with various species [1]. They conducted a quantitative comparison of all Clostridium species and C. perfringens strains from the fecal microbiota, separated C. perfringens pieces, and performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the primary C. perfringens toxin genes, like C. perfringens enterotoxin gene, iota, epsilon, alpha, beta, and beta2 [28] They found that children with autism and GI disease harbor statistically significant greater counts of C.perfringens in their gut compared to the control subjects (p = 0.031) [28]. In their clinical trial, assessed the effect of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3) signaling in the development of autism [35] They reported that children with autism considerably generated TIM-3, CD11a,b, CD14, chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), interleukin 1B (IL-1B), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) related mRNA, and protein expression levels in contrast to control children [35]. Understanding each element’s role is critical for early testing and diagnosis of autism and could be studied to develop future interventions
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