Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide that is a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1). The apelin/APJ system is distributed in diverse periphery organ tissues. It has been shown that the apelin/APJ system plays various roles in physiology and pathophysiology of many organs. It regulates cardiovascular development or cardiac disease, glycometabolism and fat metabolism as well as metabolic disease. The apelin/APJ system participates in various cell activities such as proliferation, migration, apoptosis or inflammation. However, apelin/APJ function in the liver is still under investigation. In the liver, the apelin-APJ system could play an inhibitory role in liver regeneration and promote Fas-induced apoptosis. It may participate in the formation of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis, and even cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of the apelin/APJ system in liver disease.
Highlights
Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1)
As an endogenous peptide, apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor
It has been shown that apelin/APJ signaling is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins and activates protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured cells (Masri et al, 2002) or mouse tissues (Liu et al, 2015)
Summary
Apelin acts as a ligand for the APJ receptor (angiotensin II receptor like-1, AT-1). Chu et al (2013) reported that APJ is expressed in primary hepatocytes, liver tissues of mouse and HepG2 cells, but the expression levels of apelin were lower than that of APJ in liver. The study of Jeong et al (2014) showed that apelin expression was decreased by silencing the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in HepG2 cells.
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