Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disease caused by dysregulation of the immune system with pancreatic cells as the targeted organ. The incidence of T1DM is increasing every year, with peak incidence at the age of 10-14 years. Genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure play important roles in immune system disorders. The failure of the tolerogenic process is one of the foremost processes causing pancreatic damage through the molecular mimicry process due to repeated infections both prenatally and postnatally. An increase in the expression of MHC class II and co-stimulator will trigger a shift in the balance of the shape of T cells, namely an increase in Th1 and Th7 cell differentiation, but a decrease in the number and function of Treg cells. TGF-β is a cytokine produced by Treg cells that functions to maintain tolerance in the human body. A decrease in TGF-β levels usually appears in the pre-diabetes stage. This review aims to elucidate the role of TGF- in the course of T1DM.
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