Abstract
Simple deformation of the skin surface with textured materials can improve human perceptual-motor performance. The implications of these findings are inexpensive, adaptable and easily integrated clothing, equipment and tools for improving perceptual-motor functionality. However, some clarification is needed because mixed results have been reported in the literature, highlighting positive, absent and/or negative effects of added texture on measures of perceptual-motor performance. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of textured materials for enhancing perceptual-motor functionality. The systematic review uncovered two variables suitable for sub-group analysis within and between studies: participant age (groupings were 18–51 years and 64.7–79.4 years) and experimental task (upright balance and walking). Evaluation of studies that observed texture effects during upright balance tasks, uncovered two additional candidate sub-groups for future work: vision (eyes open and eyes closed) and stability (stable and unstable). Meta-analysis (random effects) revealed that young participants improve performance by a small to moderate amount in upright balance tasks with added texture (SMD = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.46–0.09, Z = 2.99, P = 0.001; Tau2 = 0.02; Chi2 = 9.87, df = 6, P = 0.13; I2 = 39.22). Significant heterogeneity was found in, the overall effect of texture: Tau2 = 0.13; Chi2 = 130.71, df = 26, P<0.0001; I2 = 85.98%, pooled samples in upright balance tasks: Tau2 = 0.09; Chi2 = 101.57, df = 13, P<0.001; I2 = 72.67%, and in elderly in upright balance tasks: Tau2 = 0.16; Chi2 = 39.42, df = 5, P<0.001; I2 = 83.05%. No effect was shown for walking tasks: Tau2 = 0.00; Chi2 = 3.45, df = 4, P = 0.27, I2 = 22.99%. Data provides unequivocal support for utilizing textured materials in young healthy populations for improving perceptual-motor performance. Future research is needed in young healthy populations under conditions where visual and proprioceptive information is challenged, as in high-speed movements, or where use of equipment mediates the performer-environment interaction or where dysfunctional information sources ‘compete’ for attention. In elderly and ailing populations data suggests further research is required to better understand contexts where texture can facilitate improved perceptual-motor performance.
Highlights
The somatosensory system in humans includes many sensory components such as plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors, joint receptors and muscle receptors
Ten keywords related to textured material were pooled and combined with twenty pooled keywords related to perceptual-motor system functionality
Results were limited to human participants and each database was searched from their earliest available record up to August 2012
Summary
The somatosensory system in humans includes many sensory components such as plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors, joint receptors and muscle receptors. Previous research has shown that the stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin via simple mechanical deformation of the surface by added texture (e.g., addition of nodules and protuberances on the surface of a shoe insole or a standing area) can improve perceptual-motor system functionality in upright balance [1]. These findings have since been replicated, under similar experimental task constraints, in a number of other samples of healthy, young participants [2,3,4,5,6]. Research has evaluated the efficacy of added texture that passively deforms the plantar surface of the foot in a variety of populations (elderly [2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] and those with ailment [9,10,11,13,14,15]) and under a range of perceptual-motor task constraints, including upright balance [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,12,15,16,17,18], walking [8,9,10,11,13,14,18,19,20,21,22] and joint position discrimination [23,24].
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