Abstract
Temperature is one of the major environmental factors that people are exposed to on a daily basis, often in conditions that do not afford control. It is known that heat and cold can influence a person’s productivity and performance in simple tasks. With respect to social cognition, it has also been suggested that temperature impacts on relatively high-level forms of decision-making. For instance, previous research demonstrated that cold temperature promotes utilitarian judgment in a moral dilemma task. This effect could be due to psychological processing, when a cool temperature primes a set of internal representations (associated with “coldness”). Alternatively, the promotion of utilitarian judgment in cold conditions could be due to physiological interference from temperature, impeding on social cognition. Refuting both explanations of psychological or physiological processing, however, it has been suggested that there may be problems of reproducibility in the literature on temperature modulating complex or abstract information processing. To examine the role of temperature in moral decision-making, we conducted a series of experiments using ambient and haptic temperature with careful manipulation checks and modified task methodology. Experiment 1 manipulated room temperature with cool (21°C), control (24°C) and hot (27°C) conditions and found only a cool temperature effect, promoting utilitarian judgment as in the previous study. Experiment 2 manipulated the intensity of haptic temperature but failed to obtain the cool temperature effect. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the generalizability of the cool ambient temperature effect with another moral judgment task and with manipulation of exposure duration. However, again there were no cool temperature effects, suggesting a lack of reproducibility. Despite successful manipulations of temperature in all four experiments, as measured in body temperature and the participants’ self-reported perception, we found no systematic influence of temperature on moral decision-making. A Bayesian meta-analysis of the four experiments showed that the overall data tended to provide strong support in favor of the null hypothesis. We propose that, at least in the range of temperatures from 21 to 27°C, the cool temperature effect in moral decision-making is not a robust phenomenon.
Highlights
Human cognition, judgment, and behavior are usually studied in psychology in the relatively controlled context of a laboratory
Considering the possibility that ambient temperature has a different effect from haptic temperature, we focused on the main effect observation and decided to collect at least 22 participants per experimental condition
A two-way ANOVA was conducted on the subjective room warmth, comfort, and arousal rating after the habituation phase for each temperature condition (Cool vs. Control vs. Hot) and season as between-subject factors
Summary
Judgment, and behavior are usually studied in psychology in the relatively controlled context of a laboratory. From the microscopic perspective of the individual, it has been demonstrated that temperature affects human cognitive function and performance of simple tasks (Pilcher et al, 2002; Hancock et al, 2007; Yeganeh et al, 2018). These studies showed that cognitive abilities and productivity were consistently reduced in high intensity hot and cold environments. It was indicated that temperature affects mood and emotion (Anderson, 2001; Keller et al, 2005) From these previous studies, it seems plausible that temperature can affect human emotions, cognitive function, and work performance.
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