The Role of Telomere Length in Stress-related Aging and its Implications for Mental Health

Abstract

Telomeres, the protective caps at chromosome ends, have emerged as crucial biomarkers of cellular aging and potential mediators of stress-induced physiological decline. This review synthesized current evidence on how chronic stress and various mental health conditions are associated with accelerated telomere shortening, potentially serving as a biological mechanism linking psychological distress to cellular aging and increased risk of age-related diseases. Research studies showed that major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders have been consistently linked to shorter telomeres, while findings for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia remain mixed. The review explored the biological mechanisms underlying stress-induced telomere attrition, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It critically evaluated telomere length as a potential biomarker for stress-related aging and mental health disorders, assessing its reliability and clinical relevance. The review also examined interventions targeting telomere biology, including lifestyle modifications, stress reduction techniques, and pharmacological approaches. These interventions showed promise in mitigating the effects of stress-related aging and improving mental health outcomes. However, methodological challenges and high inter-individual variability currently limit the clinical utility of telomere length assessment. Ethical implications of telomere-based interventions and diagnostics were also discussed, including issues of privacy, potential discrimination, and the blurring lines between treatment and enhancement.