Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at increased risk for many infections, whether viral, bacterial, or fungal, due to immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection. The same immune defects that render transplanted patients susceptible to infection dampen their immune response to vaccination. Therefore, it is vital to identify immune defects to vaccination in transplant recipients and methods to obviate them. These methods can include alternative vaccine composition, dosage, adjuvants, route of administration, timing, and re-vaccination strategies. Systems biology is a relatively new field of study, which utilizes high throughput means to better understand biological systems and predict outcomes. Systems biology approaches have been used to help obtain a global picture of immune responses to infections and vaccination (i.e. systems vaccinology), but little work has been done to use systems biology to improve vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised patients, particularly SOTRs, thus far. Systems vaccinology approaches may hold key insights to vaccination in this vulnerable population.
Highlights
Systems biology was described by Alan Aderem as a “comprehensive quantitative analysis of the manner in which all components of the biological system interact functionally over time and space that is executed by an interdisciplinary team of investigators” [1]
Systems vaccinology has allowed us to have a better understanding of how successful vaccines induce adequate immune responses in healthy subjects and how immune defects are uncovered in other vulnerable populations
Cell-mediated immune response to influenza vaccination in lung transplant recipients Humoral and cellular responses to influenza vaccination in human recipients naturally tolerant to a kidney allograft Humoral and cellular immune responses after influenza vaccination in kidney transplant recipients Premature ageing of the immune system relates to increased anti-lymphocyte antibodies (ALA) after an immunization in HIV-1-infected and kidney-transplanted patients B-sides serologic markers of immunogenicity in kidney transplanted patients: report from 2012-2013 flu vaccination experience Waning of vaccine-induced immunity to measles in kidney transplanted children
Summary
Systems biology was described by Alan Aderem as a “comprehensive quantitative analysis of the manner in which all components of the biological system interact functionally over time and space that is executed by an interdisciplinary team of investigators” [1]. Systems vaccinology utilizes immunization as a way to probe the immune system in a Systems Vaccinology Role in SOTRs synchronized fashion and effects on the immune system are studied at various timepoints after This approach can identify early signatures associated with protection, separate vaccinees into responders and non-responders, and can reveal important mechanistic insights through translational human vaccine trials to aid in the expedited design of future vaccines to disease where no effective vaccine exists (e.g. HIV) or to protect vulnerable populations (e.g. elderly, HIV infected and SOTRs) [5]. Systems vaccinology has allowed us to have a better understanding of how successful vaccines induce adequate immune responses in healthy subjects and how immune defects are uncovered in other vulnerable populations (e.g., the elderly). This blueprint may offer a personalized approach to vaccination in SOTR
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