Abstract
Although pathogens such as nematodes are known to hijack nutrients from host plants, the mechanisms whereby nematodes obtain sugars from plants remain largely unknown. To determine the effects of nematode infection on host plant sugar allocation, soluble sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) content was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection and was found to increase significantly in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl) leaves and roots during early infection by root-knot nematodes (RKNs). To further analyze whether sugar transporters played a role in this process, the expression levels of sucrose transporter (SUT/SUC), Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT), and vacuolar glucose transporter (VGT) gene family members were examined by qRT-PCR analysis after RKN infection. The results showed that three SlSUTs, 17 SlSWEETs, three SlTMTs, and SlVGT1 were upregulated in the leaves, whereas three SlSUTs, 17 SlSWEETs, two SlTMTs, and SlVGT1 were induced in the roots. To determine the function of the sugar transporters in the RKN infection process, we examined post-infection responses in the Atsuc2 mutant and pAtSUC2-GUS lines. β-glucuronidase expression was strongly induced at the infection sites, and RKN development was significantly arrested in the Atsuc2 mutant. Taken together, our analyses provide useful information for understanding the sugar transporter responses during early infection by RKNs in tomato.
Highlights
The root-knot nematodes (RKNs) Meloidogyne incognita are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes that mainly infect the roots of host plants [1]
The results showed that the fructose and glucose content increased marginally from 0 to 48 hpi in the leaves and roots, whereas they were increased significantly at the 72 hpi time point
These results indicated that the soluble sugar content was modulated by early infection with RKNs
Summary
The root-knot nematodes (RKNs) Meloidogyne incognita are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes that mainly infect the roots of host plants [1]. Second-stage juveniles (J2s), the only infective stage, migrate through intercellular spaces to reach the vascular cylinder [2] Once they reach a suitable site in the host roots, J2s select several single cells and induce specialized nematode feeding sites. Several members of gene families encoding mono- or disaccharide transporters have been characterized, such as sucrose transporter (SUT), Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), tonoplast monosaccharide transporter (TMT), and vacuolar glucose transporter (VGT). These sugar transporter genes play key roles in the regulation of plant development and plant responses to pathogens [7,8,9,10]
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