Abstract
AimThe first aim of the study was to compare the scores and types of stromal immune cells in 30 patients with primary DCIS and in the same patients after invasive breast recurrence in order to assess possible differences in both during tumor progression. The second aim was to evaluate possible differences in stromal cells of 30 patients with primary DCIS before progression and in the control group of 11 DCIS patients without recurrence during long-term follow-up.Material and methodsEvaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and immunohistochemical stains for immune cell markers CD4, CD8, CD20, CD138, FOXP3, CD163 and TGF beta was performed on the stroma of primary DCIS before progression, invasive breast cancer of the same patients after progression and DCIS without progression.ResultsThe comparison of stromal cells in 30 patients with initial DCIS and its invasive recurrence revealed an increased level of CD20 + immune cells (median score 5% vs. 17%, respectively, p < 0.001) and CD163 + cells (median score 1% vs. 5%, respectively, p < 0.001) in invasive breast cancer. The comparison of stromal cells in 30 patients with initial DCIS before recurrence and the control group of 11 patients with DCIS without recurrence showed statistically significant difference for CD138 + cells, which were more prevalent in patients with worse prognosis (median score 0 vs. 2%, respectively, p < 0.001). No similar relationship was found for the other tested cells as well as for TGF-beta.ConclusionsCD138 + immune cells that were more prevalent in patients with a worse prognosis should be explored in further studies to confirm or exclude their role as a potential biological marker of DCIS invasive recurrence.
Highlights
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a growing problem for oncologists due to an increasing number of patients with this disease and different ways of treatment of thoseNiwińska and Olszewski Breast Cancer Research (2021) 23:118The analysis of genetic events in DCIS and invasive breast cancer revealed the lack of genomic and transcriptomic differences between the two [2]
The comparison of the level of Tumorinfiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) in 30 patients with primary DCIS before the recurrence (Table 2, column 2) and in the same patients after the detection of invasive breast cancer (Table 2, column 3) revealed a statistically significant increase in the score of TILs after the recurrence (10%, range 1–15 in DCIS vs. 15%, range 2–70 in invasive breast cancer, p = 0.003)
Second aim of the study: the search of immune cells that play a role in the transition of DCIS to invasive breast cancer The second aim of the present study was to try to select the immune cells that play a role in the transition of DCIS to invasive breast cancer, but only those which would be detectable in primary DCIS before progression and could be useful clinical factors of a poor prognosis
Summary
DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) is a growing problem for oncologists due to an increasing number of patients with this disease and different ways of treatment of thoseNiwińska and Olszewski Breast Cancer Research (2021) 23:118The analysis of genetic events in DCIS and invasive breast cancer revealed the lack of genomic and transcriptomic differences between the two [2]. CD4 + T helper cells, CD8 + CTL cells, tissue-resident T cells, B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, M1 macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC) are protective against tumor growth (tumor-suppressing immune cells). They act through the production of cytokines that inhibit tumor development, secrete cytotoxic granules that trigger tumor apoptosis (CD8 + T cells) or secrete tumor-specific antibodies that eliminate tumor cells (B cells). CD4 + FOX3 + TH2 cells (T reg = regulatory T cells), M2 macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress antitumor immune counterparts and drive tumor growth These cells release immune-inhibitory cytokines, like TGF beta [11]
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