Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungus that is a commensal organism and a member of the normal human microbiota. It has the ability to transition into an opportunistic invasive pathogen. Attributes that support pathogenesis include secretion of virulence-associated proteins, hyphal formation, and biofilm formation. These processes are supported by secretion, as defined in the broad context of membrane trafficking. In this review, we examine the role of secretory pathways in Candida virulence, with a focus on the model opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.
Highlights
The fungus Candida albicans is a commensal organism and part of the human microbiome
While the complex processes involved in secretion have been the subject of detailed study in the model yeast S. cerevisiae, there are important differences in these secretory pathways in C. albicans, which remains understudied
C. albicans and S. cerevisiae are genetically similar in terms of overall predicted genes, there are significant differences in their genomes, including size, differences in sexual cycle, ploidy, codon translation, and gene family expansions [362]
Summary
The fungus Candida albicans is a commensal organism and part of the human microbiome. Extracellular vesicles, e.g., the exosome, are capable of transferring signaling molecules and are formed and transported as part of the endosomal network and are released upon fusion of other proteins back into the cell, to the cell membrane, as well as to mammalian host cells. Transport mechanisms for both exocytosis reinforce the preservation of the endosomal network, which promotes the exchange of membrane and endocytosis are complex and use partially overlapping protein complexes that facilitate these components, provide enzymes, and assist with signaling [26] Without the Sec4p function, cells accumulate Golgi-derived secretory vesicles This gene is conserved in C. albicans and retains a similar function [35,36]. These findings suggest differences in polarized secretion and apical growth mechanisms between C. albicans other filamentous fungi [16,32,33]
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