Abstract
Wnt signaling is of high relevance in the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of oral tissues. Therefore, Wnt signaling is considered to be a potential target for therapeutic strategies. The action of Wnt is tightly controlled by the inhibitors sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf (DKK)-1. Given the impact of SOST and DKK-1 in hard tissue formation, related diseases and healing, it is of high relevance to understand their role in oral tissues. The clinical relevance of this knowledge is further underlined by systemic and local approaches which are currently in development for treating a variety of diseases such as osteoporosis and inflammatory hard tissue resorption. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding on the Wnt signaling inhibitors SOST and DKK-1, and their role in physiology, pathology, and regeneration in oral tissues. We present this role from the perspective of the different specialties in dentistry, including endodontics, orthodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery.
Highlights
Research and development of novel treatment strategies for regenerative dentistry has become crucial to improve oral health due to the growing numbers of dental and maxillofacial problems which require treatment
After tooth development odontoblasts secrete dentin and the pulp chamber system narrows with age (Arana-Chavez & Massa, 2004; Foster et al, 2013; Lee et al, 2013; Sakai et al, 2010)
Further more these results show that SOST deficiency accelerates reparative dentinogenesis after pulp damage and inhibition of SOST may provide a promising therapeutic strategy to improve the healing of injured pulps (Collignon et al, 2017)
Summary
Research and development of novel treatment strategies for regenerative dentistry has become crucial to improve oral health due to the growing numbers of dental and maxillofacial problems which require treatment. Due to the major role of Wnt signaling and the respective regulators in development and healing, research in regenerative medicine and dentistry has evaluated the feasibility of targeting the pathway for therapeutic approaches (Florio et al, 2016; Heiland et al, 2010; Taut et al, 2013; Yu et al, 2018). Wnts can activate canonical and non-canonical pathways of signaling in the cells (Mohammed et al, 2016; Tang et al, 2009; Yang et al, 2016). Thereby β-catenin accumulation is induced leading to the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus where target genes are activated (Mohammed et al, 2016; Tang et al, 2009; Yang et al, 2016) (Figure 1)
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